Implement dual subdivision and weight vectors for tropical variety

[verreld7]

This PR introduces some new methods in TropicalVariety related to dual subdivision and weight vectors.

Summary of changes:

1. Add dual_subdivision in TropicalVariety: return the dual subdivision for any tropical variety as a Graph object

2. Add _components_of_vertices in TropicalCurve: intermediate method the help calculate weight vectors

3. Add weight_vectors in TropicalCurve: return the weight vectors of each vertex

4. Add weight_vectors in TropicalSurface: return the weight vectors of each unique line of intersection

5. Add a few methods related to dual subdivision of tropical curve such as:

   • is_smooth
   • is_simple
   • genus
   • contribution

CC: @tscrim

📝 Checklist

• The title is concise and informative.
• The description explains in detail what this PR is about.
• I have linked a relevant issue or discussion.
• I have created tests covering the changes.
• I have updated the documentation and checked the documentation preview.

⌛ Dependencies

#37962: issues related to this PR
#38291: continuation of this PR

[github-actions]

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