Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns #67258

Centril · 2019-12-12T16:09:42Z

Tracking issue: #67264
Feature gate: #![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]

In this PR, we introduce range-from (X..), range-to (..X), and range-to-inclusive (..=X) patterns.
These correspond to the RangeFrom, RangeTo, and RangeToInclusive expression forms introduced with the same syntaxes. The correspondence is both syntactic and semantic (in the sense that e.g. a X.. pattern matching on a scrutinee s holds exactly when (X..).contains(&s) holds).

Noteworthy:

The compiler complexity added with this PR is around 10 lines (discounting new tests, which account for the large PR size).
...X is accepted syntactically with the same meaning as ..=X. This is done primarily to simplify and unify the implementation & spec. If-and-when we decide to make X...Y a hard error on a new edition, we can do the same for ...X patterns as well.
X... and X..= is rejected syntactically just like it is for the expression equivalents. We should perhaps make these into semantic restrictions (cc @petrochenkov).
In HAIR, these half-open ranges are represented by inserting the max/min values for the approprate types. That is, X.. where X: u8 would become X..=u8::MAX in HAIR (note the ..= since RangeFrom includes the end).
Exhaustive integer / char matching does not (yet) allow for e.g. exhaustive matching on 0usize.. or ..5usize | 5.. (same idea for isize). This would be a substantially more invasive change, and could be added in some other PR.
The issues with slice pattern syntax has been resolved as we decided to use .. to mean a "rest-pattern" and [xs @ ..] to bind the rest to a name in a slice pattern.
Like with exclusive range patterns #35712, which provided X..Y range patterns, this is not yet backed up by an RFC. I'm providing this experimental implementation now to have something concrete to discuss. I would be happy to provide an RFC for this PR as well as for exclusive range patterns #35712 to finalize and confirm the ideas with the larger community.

Closes rust-lang/rfcs#947.

r? @varkor cc @matthewjasper @oli-obk

I would recommend reviewing this (in particular HAIR-lowering and pattern parsing changes) with whitespace changes ignored.

src/librustc/ty/util.rs

Centril · 2019-12-12T16:11:28Z

src/test/ui/half-open-range-patterns/half-open-range-pats-inclusive-no-end.rs

+
+fn main() {}
+
+#[cfg(FALSE)]


cc @petrochenkov & @estebank re. semantic (ast_validation) vs. syntactic errors.

Centril · 2019-12-12T16:12:08Z

Exhaustive integer / char matching does not (yet) allow for e.g. exhaustive matching on 0usize.. or ..5usize | 5.. (same idea for isize). This would be a substantially more invasive change, and could be added in some other PR.

cc @Nadrieril

petrochenkov · 2019-12-12T20:43:57Z

One interesting detail here is operator priorities between binary and unary operators in patterns.
Ideally they should be consistent with the same operators in expressions.
cc #48501

Centril · 2019-12-12T21:54:08Z

We discussed this briefly in today's language team meeting (where only @nikomatsakis, @ecstatic-morse, and @Centril attended). The conclusions were that we should:

Land the PR under a gate (as done in the PR).
Later, an RFC should be filed to to specify the syntax & semantics of both open-ended ranges (#![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]) and exclusive ranges (#![feature(exclusive_range_pattern)]). @Centril will be taking that on.
Stabilize (either as a separate proposal, or as part of the RFC ^--; we did not dig deeper into which option...).

Centril · 2019-12-12T23:02:21Z

One interesting detail here is operator priorities between binary and unary operators in patterns.
Ideally they should be consistent with the same operators in expressions.
cc #48501

Added some tests for now in 6f29c4a to ensure that the ambiguity errors are present.
Reworking the precedence should probably be left for some other PR.

Centril · 2019-12-13T17:16:04Z

r? @oli-obk since varkor seems more busy.

cramertj · 2019-12-13T17:58:09Z

There was some discussion in the past that we might want to not use ..T as a range pattern so that we could use that syntax for tuple expansion. RFC 2359 (subslice syntax) included a section discussing this ambiguity. Before deciding to allow half-open range patterns like this, it'd be good to make sure we have a solid plan for un-tupling and un-slicing syntax (e.g. for expanding a tuple or slice as multiple arguments to a call to a variadic function).

Centril · 2019-12-13T19:11:49Z

@cramertj In a pattern context, we already have a solid plan for this:

.. denotes a syntactic rest pattern (ast::PatKind::Rest).
binding @ pat denotes a limited form of intersection pattern (ast::PatKind::Binding).
Taking 1-2 together, we get sub-rest patterns binding @ ...
[pat_0, ..., pat_n] (where ... is part of the meta-grammar), denotes a slice pattern (ast::PatKind::Slice).
(pat_0, ..., pat_n) where n > 1, there is a trailing comma, or n == 1 and pat_0 is a rest pattern, denotes a tuple pattern (ast::PatKind::Tuple).

All of 1-5 are observable in stable Rust.

Taking 1 + 4 together, as well as 3 + 4 together, we get [p_0, .., p_n] and [p_0, xs @ .., p_n] respectively. These are allowed semantically and represented in HIR via hir::PatKind::Slice and lowered via LoweringContext::lower_pat_slice. For now, such patterns are gated under #![feature(slice_patterns)], which could be ready to stabilize as soon as 1.42.0 (see tracking issue).
Taking 1 + 5 together, we have (p_0, .., p_n) patterns. These are allowed semantically and represented in HIR via hir::PatKind::Tuple and are stable. These are lowered via LoweringContext::lower_pat_tuple
Taking 3 + 5 together, we have (p_0, xs @ .., p_n) patterns. These are rejected semantically while lowering tuple patterns by calling LoweringContext::ban_illegal_rest_pat.
- It follows therefore that we have syntactic support for (p_0, xs @ .., p_n) and could add semantic support for un-tupling in patterns if we wanted to.
- It's noteworthy that we already support half-open range expressions, and so therefore using X.. for unpacking tuples could not be supported with the same syntax in expression contexts. Ideally, we would try to have consistency between patterns and expressions where this is not onerous. Fortunately, as noted above, we are already covered with xs @ ...
- Note also that TupleStructOrVariant(p_0, xs @ .., p_n) is supported syntactically and could be given meaning if we wanted it to.

cramertj · 2019-12-14T00:08:50Z

In a pattern context, we already have a solid plan for this:

Yes, the concern is outside of a pattern context (e.g. my_fn(...args), let x = [1, ...nums, 5];). Untupling in expression position is very useful, and IMO it'd be unfortunate if the syntax for this collided with the syntax for ranges in some other context.

src/librustc_parse/parser/pat.rs

src/librustc/hir/intravisit.rs

src/librustc/hir/lowering.rs

src/librustc/ty/util.rs

src/librustc_typeck/check/pat.rs

src/libsyntax/ast.rs

src/libsyntax/visit.rs

src/test/ui/half-open-range-patterns/feature-gate-half-open-range-patterns.rs

oli-obk · 2019-12-21T09:47:03Z

lgtm, but there were grammar questions that I don't know if they have been resolved to @cramertj 's satisfaction

r? @cramertj

This feature adds `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` patterns.

Centril · 2020-01-10T06:36:12Z

@bors r=oli-obk

bors · 2020-01-10T06:36:13Z

📌 Commit d5598aa has been approved by oli-obk

@petrochenkov

Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns Tracking issue: rust-lang#67264 Feature gate: `#![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]` --------------------------- In this PR, we introduce range-from (`X..`), range-to (`..X`), and range-to-inclusive (`..=X`) patterns. These correspond to the `RangeFrom`, `RangeTo`, and `RangeToInclusive` expression forms introduced with the same syntaxes. The correspondence is both syntactic and semantic (in the sense that e.g. a `X..` pattern matching on a scrutinee `s` holds exactly when `(X..).contains(&s)` holds). --------------------------- Noteworthy: - The compiler complexity added with this PR is around 10 lines (discounting new tests, which account for the large PR size). - `...X` is accepted syntactically with the same meaning as `..=X`. This is done primarily to simplify and unify the implementation & spec. If-and-when we decide to make `X...Y` a hard error on a new edition, we can do the same for `...X` patterns as well. - `X...` and `X..=` is rejected syntactically just like it is for the expression equivalents. We should perhaps make these into semantic restrictions (cc @petrochenkov). - In HAIR, these half-open ranges are represented by inserting the max/min values for the approprate types. That is, `X..` where `X: u8` would become `X..=u8::MAX` in HAIR (note the `..=` since `RangeFrom` includes the end). - Exhaustive integer / char matching does not (yet) allow for e.g. exhaustive matching on `0usize..` or `..5usize | 5..` (same idea for `isize`). This would be a substantially more invasive change, and could be added in some other PR. - The issues with slice pattern syntax has been resolved as we decided to use `..` to mean a "rest-pattern" and `[xs @ ..]` to bind the rest to a name in a slice pattern. - Like with rust-lang#35712, which provided `X..Y` range patterns, this is not yet backed up by an RFC. I'm providing this experimental implementation now to have something concrete to discuss. I would be happy to provide an RFC for this PR as well as for rust-lang#35712 to finalize and confirm the ideas with the larger community. Closes rust-lang/rfcs#947. --------------------------- r? @varkor cc @matthewjasper @oli-obk I would recommend reviewing this (in particular HAIR-lowering and pattern parsing changes) with whitespace changes ignored.

@petrochenkov

Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns Tracking issue: rust-lang#67264 Feature gate: `#![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]` --------------------------- In this PR, we introduce range-from (`X..`), range-to (`..X`), and range-to-inclusive (`..=X`) patterns. These correspond to the `RangeFrom`, `RangeTo`, and `RangeToInclusive` expression forms introduced with the same syntaxes. The correspondence is both syntactic and semantic (in the sense that e.g. a `X..` pattern matching on a scrutinee `s` holds exactly when `(X..).contains(&s)` holds). --------------------------- Noteworthy: - The compiler complexity added with this PR is around 10 lines (discounting new tests, which account for the large PR size). - `...X` is accepted syntactically with the same meaning as `..=X`. This is done primarily to simplify and unify the implementation & spec. If-and-when we decide to make `X...Y` a hard error on a new edition, we can do the same for `...X` patterns as well. - `X...` and `X..=` is rejected syntactically just like it is for the expression equivalents. We should perhaps make these into semantic restrictions (cc @petrochenkov). - In HAIR, these half-open ranges are represented by inserting the max/min values for the approprate types. That is, `X..` where `X: u8` would become `X..=u8::MAX` in HAIR (note the `..=` since `RangeFrom` includes the end). - Exhaustive integer / char matching does not (yet) allow for e.g. exhaustive matching on `0usize..` or `..5usize | 5..` (same idea for `isize`). This would be a substantially more invasive change, and could be added in some other PR. - The issues with slice pattern syntax has been resolved as we decided to use `..` to mean a "rest-pattern" and `[xs @ ..]` to bind the rest to a name in a slice pattern. - Like with rust-lang#35712, which provided `X..Y` range patterns, this is not yet backed up by an RFC. I'm providing this experimental implementation now to have something concrete to discuss. I would be happy to provide an RFC for this PR as well as for rust-lang#35712 to finalize and confirm the ideas with the larger community. Closes rust-lang/rfcs#947. --------------------------- r? @varkor cc @matthewjasper @oli-obk I would recommend reviewing this (in particular HAIR-lowering and pattern parsing changes) with whitespace changes ignored.

@petrochenkov

Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns Tracking issue: rust-lang#67264 Feature gate: `#![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]` --------------------------- In this PR, we introduce range-from (`X..`), range-to (`..X`), and range-to-inclusive (`..=X`) patterns. These correspond to the `RangeFrom`, `RangeTo`, and `RangeToInclusive` expression forms introduced with the same syntaxes. The correspondence is both syntactic and semantic (in the sense that e.g. a `X..` pattern matching on a scrutinee `s` holds exactly when `(X..).contains(&s)` holds). --------------------------- Noteworthy: - The compiler complexity added with this PR is around 10 lines (discounting new tests, which account for the large PR size). - `...X` is accepted syntactically with the same meaning as `..=X`. This is done primarily to simplify and unify the implementation & spec. If-and-when we decide to make `X...Y` a hard error on a new edition, we can do the same for `...X` patterns as well. - `X...` and `X..=` is rejected syntactically just like it is for the expression equivalents. We should perhaps make these into semantic restrictions (cc @petrochenkov). - In HAIR, these half-open ranges are represented by inserting the max/min values for the approprate types. That is, `X..` where `X: u8` would become `X..=u8::MAX` in HAIR (note the `..=` since `RangeFrom` includes the end). - Exhaustive integer / char matching does not (yet) allow for e.g. exhaustive matching on `0usize..` or `..5usize | 5..` (same idea for `isize`). This would be a substantially more invasive change, and could be added in some other PR. - The issues with slice pattern syntax has been resolved as we decided to use `..` to mean a "rest-pattern" and `[xs @ ..]` to bind the rest to a name in a slice pattern. - Like with rust-lang#35712, which provided `X..Y` range patterns, this is not yet backed up by an RFC. I'm providing this experimental implementation now to have something concrete to discuss. I would be happy to provide an RFC for this PR as well as for rust-lang#35712 to finalize and confirm the ideas with the larger community. Closes rust-lang/rfcs#947. --------------------------- r? @varkor cc @matthewjasper @oli-obk I would recommend reviewing this (in particular HAIR-lowering and pattern parsing changes) with whitespace changes ignored.

@petrochenkov

Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns Tracking issue: rust-lang#67264 Feature gate: `#![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]` --------------------------- In this PR, we introduce range-from (`X..`), range-to (`..X`), and range-to-inclusive (`..=X`) patterns. These correspond to the `RangeFrom`, `RangeTo`, and `RangeToInclusive` expression forms introduced with the same syntaxes. The correspondence is both syntactic and semantic (in the sense that e.g. a `X..` pattern matching on a scrutinee `s` holds exactly when `(X..).contains(&s)` holds). --------------------------- Noteworthy: - The compiler complexity added with this PR is around 10 lines (discounting new tests, which account for the large PR size). - `...X` is accepted syntactically with the same meaning as `..=X`. This is done primarily to simplify and unify the implementation & spec. If-and-when we decide to make `X...Y` a hard error on a new edition, we can do the same for `...X` patterns as well. - `X...` and `X..=` is rejected syntactically just like it is for the expression equivalents. We should perhaps make these into semantic restrictions (cc @petrochenkov). - In HAIR, these half-open ranges are represented by inserting the max/min values for the approprate types. That is, `X..` where `X: u8` would become `X..=u8::MAX` in HAIR (note the `..=` since `RangeFrom` includes the end). - Exhaustive integer / char matching does not (yet) allow for e.g. exhaustive matching on `0usize..` or `..5usize | 5..` (same idea for `isize`). This would be a substantially more invasive change, and could be added in some other PR. - The issues with slice pattern syntax has been resolved as we decided to use `..` to mean a "rest-pattern" and `[xs @ ..]` to bind the rest to a name in a slice pattern. - Like with rust-lang#35712, which provided `X..Y` range patterns, this is not yet backed up by an RFC. I'm providing this experimental implementation now to have something concrete to discuss. I would be happy to provide an RFC for this PR as well as for rust-lang#35712 to finalize and confirm the ideas with the larger community. Closes rust-lang/rfcs#947. --------------------------- r? @varkor cc @matthewjasper @oli-obk I would recommend reviewing this (in particular HAIR-lowering and pattern parsing changes) with whitespace changes ignored.

@ghost

Rollup of 8 pull requests Successful merges: - #66045 (Add method Result::into_ok) - #67258 (Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns) - #68014 (Unify output of "variant not found" errors) - #68019 (Build compiletest with in-tree libtest) - #68039 (remove explicit strip-hidden pass from compiler doc generation) - #68050 (Canonicalize rustc_error imports) - #68059 (Allow specifying LLVM args in target specifications) - #68075 (rustbuild: Cleanup book generation) Failed merges: - #68089 (Unstabilize `Vec::remove_item`) r? @ghost

@cramertj

…li-obk Ban `...X` pats, harden tests, and improve diagnostics Follow up to rust-lang#67258 (comment) and rust-lang#67258 (comment). r? @cramertj @oli-obk

@cramertj

…li-obk Ban `...X` pats, harden tests, and improve diagnostics Follow up to rust-lang#67258 (comment) and rust-lang#67258 (comment). r? @cramertj @oli-obk

@matthewjasper

…=matthewjasper Stabilize `#![feature(slice_patterns)]` in 1.42.0 # Stabilization report The following is the stabilization report for `#![feature(slice_patterns)]`. This report is the collaborative effort of @matthewjasper and @Centril. Tracking issue: rust-lang#62254 [Version target](https://forge.rust-lang.org/#current-release-versions): 1.42 (2020-01-30 => beta, 2020-03-12 => stable). ## Backstory: slice patterns It is already possible to use slice patterns on stable Rust to match on arrays and slices. For example, to match on a slice, you may write: ```rust fn foo(slice: &[&str]) { match slice { [] => { dbg!() } [a] => { dbg!(a); } [a, b] => { dbg!(a, b); } _ => {} // ^ Fallback -- necessary because the length is unknown! } } ``` To match on an array, you may instead write: ```rust fn bar([a, b, c]: [u8; 3]) {} // --------- Length is known, so pattern is irrefutable. ``` However, on stable Rust, it is not yet possible to match on a subslice or subarray. ## A quick user guide: Subslice patterns The ability to match on a subslice or subarray is gated under `#![feature(slice_patterns)]` and is what is proposed for stabilization here. ### The syntax of subslice patterns Subslice / subarray patterns come in two flavors syntactically. Common to both flavors is they use the token `..`, referred as a *"rest pattern"* in a pattern context. This rest pattern functions as a variable-length pattern, matching whatever amount of elements that haven't been matched already before and after. When `..` is used syntactically as an element of a slice-pattern, either directly (1), or as part of a binding pattern (2), it becomes a subslice pattern. On stable Rust, a rest pattern `..` can also be used in a tuple or tuple-struct pattern with `let (x, ..) = (1, 2, 3);` and `let TS(x, ..) = TS(1, 2, 3);` respectively. ### (1) Matching on a subslice without binding it ```rust fn base(string: &str) -> u8 { match string.as_bytes() { [b'0', b'x', ..] => 16, [b'0', b'o', ..] => 8, [b'0', b'b', ..] => 2, _ => 10, } } fn main() { assert_eq!(base("0xFF"), 16); assert_eq!(base("0x"), 16); } ``` In the function `base`, the pattern `[b'0', b'x', ..]` will match on any byte-string slice with the *prefix* `0x`. Note that `..` may match on nothing, so `0x` is a valid match. ### (2) Binding a subslice: ```rust fn main() { #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] struct X(u8); let xs: Vec<X> = vec![X(0), X(1), X(2)]; if let [start @ .., end] = &*xs { // --- bind on last element, assuming there is one. // ---------- bind the initial elements, if there are any. assert_eq!(start, &[X(0), X(1)] as &[X]); assert_eq!(end, &X(2)); let _: &[X] = start; let _: &X = end; } } ``` In this case, `[start @ .., end]` will match any non-empty slice, binding the last element to `end` and any elements before that to `start`. Note in particular that, as above, `start` may match on the empty slice. ### Only one `..` per slice pattern In today's stable Rust, a tuple (struct) pattern `(a, b, c)` can only have one subtuple pattern (e.g., `(a, .., c)`). That is, if there is a rest pattern, it may only occur once. Any `..` that follow, as in e.g., `(a, .., b, ..)` will cause an error, as there is no way for the compiler to know what `b` applies to. This rule also applies to slice patterns. That is, you may also not write `[a, .., b, ..]`. ## Motivation [PR rust-lang#67569]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/67569/files Slice patterns provide a natural and efficient way to pattern match on slices and arrays. This is particularly useful as slices and arrays are quite a common occurence in modern software targeting modern hardware. However, as aforementioned, it's not yet possible to perform incomplete matches, which is seen in `fn base`, an example taken from the `rustc` codebase itself. This is where subslice patterns come in and extend slice patterns with the natural syntax `xs @ ..` and `..`, where the latter is already used for tuples and tuple structs. As an example of how subslice patterns can be used to clean up code, we have [PR rust-lang#67569]. In this PR, slice patterns enabled us to improve readability and reduce unsafety, at no loss to performance. ## Technical specification ### Grammar The following specification is a *sub-set* of the grammar necessary to explain what interests us here. Note that stabilizing subslice patterns does not alter the stable grammar. The stabilization contains purely semantic changes. ```rust Binding = reference:"ref"? mutable:"mut"? name:IDENT; Pat = | ... // elided | Rest: ".." | Binding:{ binding:Binding { "@" subpat:Pat }? } | Slice:{ "[" elems:Pat* %% "," "]" } | Paren:{ "(" pat:Pat ")" } | Tuple:{ path:Path? "(" elems:Pat* &% "," ")" } ; ``` Notes: 1. `(..)` is interpreted as a `Tuple`, not a `Paren`. This means that `[a, (..)]` is interpreted as `Slice[Binding(a), Tuple[Rest]]` and not `Slice[Binding(a), Paren(Rest)]`. ### Name resolution [resolve_pattern_inner]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_resolve/late/struct.LateResolutionVisitor.html#method.resolve_pattern_inner [product context]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_resolve/late/enum.PatBoundCtx.html#variant.Product A slice pattern is [resolved][resolve_pattern_inner] as a [product context] and `..` is given no special treatment. ### Abstract syntax of slice patterns The abstract syntax (HIR level) is defined like so: ```rust enum PatKind { ... // Other unimportant stuff. Wild, Binding { binding: Binding, subpat: Option<Pat>, }, Slice { before: List<Pat>, slice: Option<Pat>, after: List<Pat>, }, } ``` [`hir::PatKind`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/hir/enum.PatKind.html The executable definition is found in [`hir::PatKind`]. ### Lowering to abstract syntax Lowering a slice pattern to its abstract syntax proceeds by: 1. Lowering each element pattern of the slice pattern, where: 1. `..` is lowered to `_`, recording that it was a subslice pattern, 2. `binding @ ..` is lowered to `binding @ _`, recording that it was a subslice pattern, 3. and all other patterns are lowered as normal, recording that it was not a subslice pattern. 2. Taking all lowered elements until the first subslice pattern. 3. Take all following elements. If there are any, 1. The head is the sub-`slice` pattern. 2. The tail (`after`) must not contain a subslice pattern, or an error occurs. [`LoweringContext::lower_pat_slice`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/hir/lowering/struct.LoweringContext.html#method.lower_pat_slice The full executable definition can be found in [`LoweringContext::lower_pat_slice`]. ### Type checking slice patterns #### Default binding modes [non-reference pattern]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/reference/patterns.html#binding-modes [`is_non_ref_pat`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_typeck/check/struct.FnCtxt.html#method.is_non_ref_pat [peel_off_references]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_typeck/check/struct.FnCtxt.html#method.peel_off_references A slice pattern is a [non-reference pattern] as defined in [`is_non_ref_pat`]. This means that when type checking a slice pattern, as many immediate reference types are [peeled off][peel_off_references] from the `expected` type as possible and the default binding mode is adjusted to by-reference before checking the slice pattern. See rust-lang#63118 for an algorithmic description. [RFC 2359]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2359-subslice-pattern-syntax.md [rfc-2359-gle]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2359-subslice-pattern-syntax.md#guide-level-explanation See [RFC 2359]'s [guide-level explanation][rfc-2359-gle] and the tests listed below for examples of what effect this has. #### Checking the pattern Type checking a slice pattern proceeds as follows: 1. Resolve any type variables by a single level. If the result still is a type variable, error. 2. Determine the expected type for any subslice pattern (`slice_ty`) and for elements (`inner_ty`) depending on the expected type. 1. If the expected type is an array (`[E; N]`): 1. Evaluate the length of the array. If the length couldn't be evaluated, error. This may occur when we have e.g., `const N: usize`. Now `N` is known. 2. If there is no sub-`slice` pattern, check `len(before) == N`, and otherwise error. 3. Otherwise, set `S = N - len(before) - len(after)`, and check `N >= 0` and otherwise error. Set `slice_ty = [E; S]`. Set `inner_ty = E`. 2. If the expected type is a slice (`[E]`), set `inner_ty = E` and `slice_ty = [E]`. 3. Otherwise, error. 3. Check each element in `before` and `after` against `inner_ty`. 4. If it exists, check `slice` against `slice_ty`. [`check_pat_slice`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_typeck/check/struct.FnCtxt.html#method.check_pat_slice For an executable definition, see [`check_pat_slice`]. ### Typed abstract syntax of slice and array patterns The typed abstract syntax (HAIR level) is defined like so: ```rust enum PatKind { ... // Other unimportant stuff. Wild, Binding { ... // Elided. } Slice { prefix: List<Pat>, slice: Option<Pat>, suffix: List<Pat>, }, Array { prefix: List<Pat>, slice: Option<Pat>, suffix: List<Pat>, }, } ``` [`hair::pattern::PatKind`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_mir/hair/pattern/enum.PatKind.html The executable definition is found in [`hair::pattern::PatKind`]. ### Lowering to typed abstract syntax Lowering a slice pattern to its typed abstract syntax proceeds by: 1. Lowering each pattern in `before` into `prefix`. 2. Lowering the `slice`, if it exists, into `slice`. 1. A `Wild` pattern in abstract syntax is lowered to `Wild`. 2. A `Binding` pattern in abstract syntax is lowered to `Binding { .. }`. 3. Lowering each pattern in `after` into `after`. 4. If the type is `[E; N]`, construct `PatKind::Array { prefix, slice, after }`, otherwise `PatKind::Slice { prefix, slice, after }`. [`PatCtxt::slice_or_array_pattern`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_mir/hair/pattern/struct.PatCtxt.html#method.slice_or_array_pattern The executable definition is found in [`PatCtxt::slice_or_array_pattern`]. ### Exhaustiveness checking Let `E` be the element type of a slice or array. - For array types, `[E; N]` with a known length `N`, the full set of constructors required for an exahustive match is the sequence `ctors(E)^N` where `ctors` denotes the constructors required for an exhaustive match of `E`. - Otherwise, for slice types `[E]`, or for an array type with an unknown length `[E; ?L]`, the full set of constructors is the infinite sequence `⋃_i=0^∞ ctors(E)^i`. This entails that an exhaustive match without a cover-all pattern (e.g. `_` or `binding`) or a subslice pattern (e.g., `[..]` or `[_, _, ..]`) is impossible. - `PatKind::{Slice, Array}(prefix, None, suffix @ [])` cover a sequence of of `len(prefix)` covered by `patterns`. Note that `suffix.len() > 0` with `slice == None` is unrepresentable. - `PatKind::{Slice, Array}(prefix, Some(s), suffix)` cover a `sequence` with `prefix` as the start and `suffix` as the end and where `len(prefix) + len(suffix) <= len(sequence)`. The `..` in the middle is interpreted as an unbounded number of `_`s in terms of exhaustiveness checking. ### MIR representation The relevant MIR representation for the lowering into MIR, which is discussed in the next section, includes: ```rust enum Rvalue { // ... /// The length of a `[X]` or `[X; N]` value. Len(Place), } struct Place { base: PlaceBase, projection: List<PlaceElem>, } enum ProjectionElem { // ... ConstantIndex { offset: Nat, min_length: Nat, from_end: bool, }, Subslice { from: Nat, to: Nat, from_end: bool, }, } ``` ### Lowering to MIR * For a slice pattern matching a slice, where the pattern has `N` elements specified, there is a check that the `Rvalue::Len` of the slice is at least `N` to decide if the pattern can match. * There are two kinds of `ProjectionElem` used for slice patterns: 1. `ProjectionElem::ConstantIndex` is an array or slice element with a known index. As a shorthand it's written `base[offset of min_length]` if `from_end` is false and `base[-offset of min_length]` if `from_end` is true. `base[-offset of min_length]` is the `len(base) - offset`th element of `base`. 2. `ProjectionElem::Subslice` is a subslice of an array or slice with known bounds. As a shorthand it's written `base[from..to]` if `from_end` is false and `base[from:-to]` if `from_end` is true. `base[from:-to]` is the subslice `base[from..len(base) - to]`. * Note that `ProjectionElem::Index` is used for indexing expressions, but not for slice patterns. It's written `base[idx]`. * When binding an array pattern, any individual element binding is lowered to an assignment or borrow of `base[offset of len]` where `offset` is the element's index in the array and `len` is the array's length. * When binding a slice pattern, let `N` be the number of elements that have patterns. Elements before the subslice pattern (`prefix`) are lowered to `base[offset of N]` where `offset` is the element's index from the start. Elements after the subslice pattern (`suffix`) are lowered to `base[-offset of N]` where `offset` is the element's index from the end, plus 1. * Subslices of arrays are lowered to `base[from..to]` where `from` is the number of elements before the subslice pattern and `to = len(array) - len(suffix)` is the length of the array minus the number of elements after the subslice pattern. * Subslices of slices are lowered to `base[from:-to]` where `from` is the number of elements before the subslice pattern (`len(prefix)`) and `to` is the number of elements after the subslice pattern (`len(suffix)`). ### Safety and const checking * Subslice patterns do not introduce any new unsafe operations. * As subslice patterns for arrays are irrefutable, they are allowed in const contexts. As are `[..]` and `[ref y @ ..]` patterns for slices. However, `ref mut` bindings are only allowed with `feature(const_mut_refs)` for now. * As other subslice patterns for slices require a `match`, `if let`, or `while let`, they are only allowed with `feature(const_if_match, const_fn)` for now. * Subslice patterns may occur in promoted constants. ### Borrow and move checking * A subslice pattern can be moved from if it has an array type `[E; N]` and the parent array can be moved from. * Moving from an array subslice pattern moves from all of the elements of the array within the subslice. * If the subslice contains at least one element, this means that dynamic indexing (`arr[idx]`) is no longer allowed on the array. * The array can be reinitialized and can still be matched with another slice pattern that uses a disjoint set of elements. * A subslice pattern can be mutably borrowed if the parent array/slice can be mutably borrowed. * When determining whether an access conflicts with a borrow and at least one is a slice pattern: * `x[from..to]` always conflicts with `x` and `x[idx]` (where `idx` is a variable). * `x[from..to]` conflicts with `x[idx of len]` if `from <= idx` and `idx < to` (that is, `idx ∈ from..to`). * `x[from..to]` conflicts with `x[from2..to2]` if `from < to2` and `from2 < to` (that is, `(from..to) ∩ (from2..to2) ≠ ∅`). * `x[from:-to]` always conflicts with `x`, `x[idx]`, and `x[from2:-to2]`. * `x[from:-to]` conflicts with `x[idx of len]` if `from <= idx`. * `x[from:-to]` conflicts with `x[-idx of len]` if `to < idx`. * A constant index from the end conflicts with other elements as follows: * `x[-idx of len]` always conflicts with `x` and `x[idx]`. * `x[-idx of len]` conflicts with `x[-idx2 of len2]` if `idx == idx2`. * `x[-idx of len]` conflicts with `x[idx2 of len2]` if `idx + idx2 >= max(len, len2)`. ## Tests The tests can be primarily seen in the PR itself. Here are some of them: ### Parsing (3) * Testing that `..` patterns are syntactically allowed in all pattern contexts (2) * [pattern/rest-pat-syntactic.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/rest-pat-syntactic.rs) * [ignore-all-the-things.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/ignore-allthe-things.rs) * Slice patterns allow a trailing comma, including after `..` (1) * [trailing-comma.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/trailing-comma.rs) ### Lowering (2) * `@ ..` isn't allowed outside of slice patterns and only allowed once in each pattern (1) * [pattern/rest-pat-semantic-disallowed.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/rest-pat-semantic-disallowed.rs) * Mulitple `..` patterns are not allowed (1) * [parser/match-vec-invalid.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/53712f8637dbe326df569a90814aae1cc5429710/src/test/ui/parser/match-vec-invalid.rs) ### Type checking (5) * Default binding modes apply to slice patterns (2) * [rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs) * [rfcs/rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/rfcs/rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs) * Array patterns cannot have more elements in the pattern than in the array (2) * [match/match-vec-mismatch.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/match/match-vec-mismatch.rs) * [error-codes/E0528.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/error-codes/E0528.rs) * Array subslice patterns have array types (1) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs) ### Exhaustiveness and usefulness checking (20) * Large subslice matches don't stack-overflow the exhaustiveness checker (1) * [pattern/issue-53820-slice-pattern-large-array.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/issue-53820-slice-pattern-large-array.rs) * Array patterns with subslices are irrefutable (1) * [issues/issue-7784.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-7784.rs) * `[xs @ ..]` slice patterns are irrefutable (1) * [binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs) * Subslice patterns can match zero-length slices (2) * [issues/issue-15080.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-15080.rs) * [issues/issue-15104.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-15104.rs) * General tests (13) * [issues/issue-12369.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-12369.rs) * [issues/issue-37598.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-37598.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/match-vec-unreachable.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/match-vec-unreachable.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match-nested.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match-nested.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-pattern-witness.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-pattern-witness.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/65413-constants-and-slices-exhaustiveness.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/65413-constants-and-slices-exhaustiveness.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/match-byte-array-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/match-byte-array-patterns.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/match-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/match-slice-patterns.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-exhaustiveness.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-exhaustiveness.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-irrefutable.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-irrefutable.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-reachability.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-reachability.rs) * [uninhabited/uninhabited-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/uninhabited/uninhabited-patterns.rs) * Interactions with or-patterns (2) * [or-patterns/exhaustiveness-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/or-patterns/exhaustiveness-pass.rs) * [or-patterns/exhaustiveness-unreachable-pattern.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/or-patterns/exhaustiveness-unreachable-pattern.rs) ### Borrow checking (28) * Slice patterns can only move from owned, fixed-length arrays (4) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-of-vec-tail.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-of-vec-tail.rs) * [moves/move-out-of-slice-2.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/moves/move-out-of-slice-2.rs) * [moves/move-out-of-array-ref.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/moves/move-out-of-array-ref.rs) * [issues/issue-12567.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-12567.rs) * Moves from arrays are tracked by element (2) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-no-overlap.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use-no-overlap.rs) * Slice patterns cannot be used on moved-from slices/arrays (2) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use.rs) * Slice patterns cannot be used with conflicting borrows (3) * [borrowck/borrowck-describe-lvalue.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-describe-lvalue.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice.rs) * Borrows from slice patterns are tracked and only conflict when there is possible overlap (6) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array-no-overlap.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice-no-overlap.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-element-loan.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-element-loan.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-loan-from-mut.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-loan-from-mut.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-tail-element-loan.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-tail-element-loan.rs) * Slice patterns affect indexing expressions (1) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs) * Borrow and move interactions with `box` patterns (1) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs) * Slice patterns correctly affect inference of closure captures (2) * [borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns-ok.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns-ok.rs) * Interactions with `#![feature(bindings_after_at)]` (7) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-move-and-move.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-move-and-move.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box-pass.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-by-copy-bindings-in-at.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-by-copy-bindings-in-at.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-both-sides.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-both-sides.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-and-ref.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-and-ref.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-twice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-twice.rs) * Misc (1) * [issues/issue-26619.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-26619.rs) ### MIR lowering (1) * [uniform_array_move_out.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/mir-opt/uniform_array_move_out.rs) ### Evaluation (19) * Slice patterns don't cause leaks or double drops (2) * [drop/dynamic-drop.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/drop/dynamic-drop.rs) * [drop/dynamic-drop-async.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/drop/dynamic-drop-async.rs) * General run-pass tests (10) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fixed.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fixed.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fold.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fold.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching-legal-tail-element-borrow.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching-legal-tail-element-borrow.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-tail-matching.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-tail-matching.rs) * [binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs) * [binding/match-byte-array-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/match-byte-array-patterns.rs) * [binding/match-vec-alternatives.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/match-vec-alternatives.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs) * Matching a large by-value array (1) * [issues/issue-17877.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-17877.rs) * Uninhabited elements (1) * [binding/empty-types-in-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/empty-types-in-patterns.rs) * Zero-sized elements (3) * [binding/zero_sized_subslice_match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/zero_sized_subslice_match.rs) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs) * Evaluation in const contexts (2) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs) ## Misc (1) * Exercising a case where const-prop cased an ICE (1) * [consts/const_prop_slice_pat_ice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/consts/const_prop_slice_pat_ice.rs) ## History - 2012-12-08, commit rust-lang@1968cb3 Author: Jakub Wieczorek Reviewers: @graydon This is where slice patterns were first implemented. It is particularly instructive to read the `vec-tail-matching.rs` test. - 2013-08-20, issue rust-lang#8636 Author: @huonw Fixed by @mikhail-m1 in rust-lang#51894 The issue describes a problem wherein the borrow-checker would not consider disjointness when checking mutable references in slice patterns. - 2014-09-03, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#164 Author: @brson Reviewers: The Core Team The RFC decided to feature gate slice patterns due to concerns over lack of oversight and the exhaustiveness checking logic not having seen much love. Since then, the exhaustivenss checking algorithm, in particular for slice patterns, has been substantially refactored and tests have been added. - 2014-09-03, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#202 Author: @krdln Reviewers: The Core Team > Change syntax of subslices matching from `..xs` to `xs..` to be more consistent with the rest of the language and allow future backwards compatible improvements. In 2019, rust-lang/rfcs#2359 changed the syntax again in favor of `..` and `xs @ ..`. - 2014-09-08, PR rust-lang#17052 Author: @pcwalton Reviewers: @alexcrichton and @sfackler This implemented the feature gating as specified in rust-lang/rfcs#164. - 2015-03-06, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#495 Author: @P1start Reviewers: The Core Team The RFC changed array and slice patterns like so: - Made them only match on arrays (`[T; N]`) and slice types (`[T]`), not references to slice types (`& mut? [T]`). - Made subslice matching yield a value of type `[T; N]` or `[T]`, not `& mut? [T]`. - Allowed multiple mutable references to be made to different parts of the same array or slice in array patterns. These changes were made to fit with the introduction of DSTs like `[T]` as well as with e.g. `box [a, b, c]` (`Box<[T]>`) in the future. All points remain true today, in particular with the advent of default binding modes. - 2015-03-22, PR rust-lang#23361 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: Unknown The PR adjusted codegen ("trans") such that `let ref a = *"abcdef"` would no longer ICE, paving the way for rust-lang/rfcs#495. - 2015-05-28, PR rust-lang#23794 Author: @brson Reviewers: @nrc The PR feature gated slice patterns in more contexts. - 2016-06-09, PR rust-lang#32202 Author: @arielb1 Reviewers: @eddyb and @nikomatsakis This implemented RFC rust-lang/rfcs#495 via a MIR based implementation fixing some bugs. - 2016-09-16, PR rust-lang#36353 Author: @arielb1 Reviewers: @nagisa, @pnkfelix, and @nikomatsakis The PR made move-checker improvements prohibiting moves out of slices. - 2018-02-17, PR rust-lang#47926 Author: @mikhail-m1 Reviewers: @nikomatsakis This added the `UniformArrayMoveOut` which converted move-out-from-array by `Subslice` and `ConstIndex {.., from_end: true }` to `ConstIndex` move out(s) from the beginning of the array. This fixed some problems with the MIR borrow-checker and drop-elaboration of arrays. Unfortunately, the transformation ultimately proved insufficient for soundness and was removed and replaced in rust-lang#66650. - 2018-02-19, PR rust-lang#48355 Author: @mikhail-m1 Reviewers: @nikomatsakis After rust-lang#47926, this restored some MIR optimizations after drop-elaboration and borrow-checking. - 2018-03-20, PR rust-lang#48516 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: @nikomatsakis This stabilized fixed length slice patterns `[a, b, c]` without variable length subslices and moved subslice patterns into `#![feature(slice_patterns)`. See rust-lang#48836 wherein the language team accepted the proposal to stabilize. - 2018-07-06, PR rust-lang#51894 Author: @mikhail-m1 Reviewers: @nikomatsakis rust-lang#8636 was fixed such that the borrow-checker would consider disjointness with respect to mutable references in slice patterns. - 2019-06-30, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#2359 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: The Language Team The RFC switched the syntax of subslice patterns to `{$binding @}? ..` as opposed to `.. $pat?` (which was what the RFC originally proposed). This RFC reignited the work towards finishing the implementation and the testing of slice patterns which eventually lead to this stabilization proposal. - 2019-06-30, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#2707 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: The Language Team This RFC built upon rust-lang/rfcs#2359 turning `..` into a full-fledged pattern (`Pat |= Rest:".." ;`), as opposed to a special part of slice and tuple patterns, moving previously syntactic restrictions into semantic ones. - 2019-07-03, PR rust-lang#62255 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @varkor This closed the old tracking issue (rust-lang#23121) in favor of the new one (rust-lang#62254) due to the new RFCs having been accepted. - 2019-07-28, PR rust-lang#62550 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @petrochenkov and @eddyb Implemented RFCs rust-lang/rfcs#2707 and rust-lang/rfcs#2359 by introducing the `..` syntactic rest pattern form as well as changing the lowering to subslice and subtuple patterns and the necessary semantic restrictions as per the RFCs. Moreover, the parser was cleaned up to use a more generic framework for parsing sequences of things. This framework was employed in parsing slice patterns. Finally, the PR introduced parser recovery for half-open ranges (e.g., `..X`, `..=X`, and `X..`), demonstrating in practice that the RFCs proposed syntax will enable half-open ranges if we want to add those (which is done in rust-lang#67258). - 2019-07-30, PR rust-lang#63111 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @estebank Added a test which comprehensively exercised the parsing of `..` rest patterns. That is, the PR exercised the specification in rust-lang/rfcs#2707. Moreover, a test was added for the semantic restrictions noted in the RFC. - 2019-07-31, PR rust-lang#63129 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @oli-obk Hardened the test-suite for subslice and subarray patterns with a run-pass tests. This test exercises both type checking and dynamic semantics. - 2019-09-15, PR rust-lang/rust-analyzer#1848 Author: @ecstatic-morse Reviewers: @matklad This implemented the syntactic change (rest patterns, `..`) in rust-analyzer. - 2019-11-05, PR rust-lang#65874 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor, @arielb1, and @Centril Usefulness / exhaustiveness checking saw a major refactoring clarifying the analysis by emphasizing that each row of the matrix can be seen as a sort of stack from which we pop constructors. - 2019-11-12, PR rust-lang#66129 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor, @Centril, and @estebank Usefulness / exhaustiveness checking of slice patterns were refactored in favor of clearer code. Before the PR, variable-length slice patterns were eagerly expanded into a union of fixed-length slices. They now have their own special constructor, which allows expanding them more lazily. As a side-effect, this improved diagnostics. Moreover, the test suite for exhaustiveness checking of slice patterns was hardened. - 2019-11-20, PR rust-lang#66497 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor and @Centril Building on the previous PR, this one fixed a bug rust-lang#53820 wherein sufficiently large subarray patterns (`match [0u8; 16*1024] { [..] => {}}`) would result in crashing the compiler with a stack-overflow. The PR did this by treating array patterns in a more first-class way (using a variable-length mechanism also used for slices) rather than like large tuples. This also had the effect of improving diagnostics for non-exhaustive matches. - 2019-11-28, PR rust-lang#66603 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor Fixed a bug rust-lang#65413 wherein constants, slice patterns, and exhaustiveness checking interacted in a suboptimal way conspiring to suggest that a reachable arm was in fact unreachable. - 2019-12-12, PR rust-lang#66650 Author: @matthewjasper Reviewers: @pnkfelix and @Centril Removed the `UniformArrayMoveOut` MIR transformation pass in favor of baking the necessary logic into the borrow-checker, drop elaboration and MIR building itself. This fixed a number of bugs, including a soundness hole rust-lang#66502. Moreover, the PR added a slew of tests for borrow- and move-checking of slice patterns as well as a test for the dynamic semantics of dropping subslice patterns. - 2019-12-16, PR rust-lang#67318 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @matthewjasper Improved documentation for AST->HIR lowering + type checking of slice as well as minor code simplification. - 2019-12-21, PR rust-lang#67467 Author: @matthewjasper Reviewers: @oli-obk, @RalfJung, and @Centril Fixed bugs in the const evaluation of slice patterns and added tests for const evaluation as well as borrow- and move-checking. - 2019-12-22, PR rust-lang#67439 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @matthewjasper Cleaned up HAIR lowering of slice patterns, removing special cased dead code for the unrepresentable `[a, b] @ ..`. The PR also refactored type checking for slice patterns. - 2019-12-23, PR rust-lang#67546 Author: @oli-obk Reviewers: @varkor and @RalfJung Fixed an ICE in the MIR interpretation of slice patterns. - 2019-12-24, PR rust-lang#66296 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @pnkfelix and @matthewjasper This implemented `#![feature(bindings_after_at)]` which allows writing e.g. `a @ Some([_, b @ ..])`. This is not directly linked to slice patterns other than with patterns in general. However, the combination of the feature and `slice_patterns` received some testing in the PR. - 2020-01-09, PR rust-lang#67990 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @matthewjasper This hardened move-checker tests for `match` expressions in relation to rust-lang#53114. - This PR stabilizes `slice_patterns`. ## Related / possible future work There is on-going work to improve pattern matching in other ways (the relevance of some of these are indirect, and only by composition): - OR-patterns, `pat_0 | .. | pat_n` is almost implemented. Tracking issue: rust-lang#54883 - Bindings after `@`, e.g., `x @ Some(y)` is implemented. Tracking issue: rust-lang#65490 - Half-open range patterns, e.g., `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` as well as exclusive range patterns, e.g., `X..Y`. Tracking issue: rust-lang#67264 and rust-lang#37854 The relevance here is that this work demonstrates, in practice, that there are no syntactic conflicts introduced by the stabilization of subslice patterns. As for more direct improvements to slice patterns, some avenues could be: - Box patterns, e.g., `box [a, b, .., c]` to match on `Box<[T]>`. Tracking issue: rust-lang#29641 This issue currently has no path to stabilization. Note that it is currently possible to match on `Box<[T]>` or `Vec<T>` by first dereferencing them to slices. - `DerefPure`, which would allow e.g., using slice patterns to match on `Vec<T>` (e.g., moving out of it). Another idea which was raised by [RFC 2707](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2707-dotdot-patterns.md#future-possibilities) and [RFC 2359](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2359-subslice-pattern-syntax.md#pat-vs-pat) was to allow binding a subtuple pattern. That is, we could allow `(a, xs @ .., b)`. However, while we could allow by-value bindings to `..` as in `xs @ ..` at zero cost, the same cannot be said of by-reference bindings, e.g. `(a, ref xs @ .., b)`. The issue here becomes that for a reference to be legal, we have to represent `xs` contiguously in memory. In effect, we are forced into a [`HList`](https://docs.rs/frunk/0.3.1/frunk/hlist/struct.HCons.html) based representation for tuples.

@matthewjasper

…=matthewjasper Stabilize `#![feature(slice_patterns)]` in 1.42.0 # Stabilization report The following is the stabilization report for `#![feature(slice_patterns)]`. This report is the collaborative effort of @matthewjasper and @Centril. Tracking issue: rust-lang#62254 [Version target](https://forge.rust-lang.org/#current-release-versions): 1.42 (2020-01-30 => beta, 2020-03-12 => stable). ## Backstory: slice patterns It is already possible to use slice patterns on stable Rust to match on arrays and slices. For example, to match on a slice, you may write: ```rust fn foo(slice: &[&str]) { match slice { [] => { dbg!() } [a] => { dbg!(a); } [a, b] => { dbg!(a, b); } _ => {} // ^ Fallback -- necessary because the length is unknown! } } ``` To match on an array, you may instead write: ```rust fn bar([a, b, c]: [u8; 3]) {} // --------- Length is known, so pattern is irrefutable. ``` However, on stable Rust, it is not yet possible to match on a subslice or subarray. ## A quick user guide: Subslice patterns The ability to match on a subslice or subarray is gated under `#![feature(slice_patterns)]` and is what is proposed for stabilization here. ### The syntax of subslice patterns Subslice / subarray patterns come in two flavors syntactically. Common to both flavors is they use the token `..`, referred as a *"rest pattern"* in a pattern context. This rest pattern functions as a variable-length pattern, matching whatever amount of elements that haven't been matched already before and after. When `..` is used syntactically as an element of a slice-pattern, either directly (1), or as part of a binding pattern (2), it becomes a subslice pattern. On stable Rust, a rest pattern `..` can also be used in a tuple or tuple-struct pattern with `let (x, ..) = (1, 2, 3);` and `let TS(x, ..) = TS(1, 2, 3);` respectively. ### (1) Matching on a subslice without binding it ```rust fn base(string: &str) -> u8 { match string.as_bytes() { [b'0', b'x', ..] => 16, [b'0', b'o', ..] => 8, [b'0', b'b', ..] => 2, _ => 10, } } fn main() { assert_eq!(base("0xFF"), 16); assert_eq!(base("0x"), 16); } ``` In the function `base`, the pattern `[b'0', b'x', ..]` will match on any byte-string slice with the *prefix* `0x`. Note that `..` may match on nothing, so `0x` is a valid match. ### (2) Binding a subslice: ```rust fn main() { #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] struct X(u8); let xs: Vec<X> = vec![X(0), X(1), X(2)]; if let [start @ .., end] = &*xs { // --- bind on last element, assuming there is one. // ---------- bind the initial elements, if there are any. assert_eq!(start, &[X(0), X(1)] as &[X]); assert_eq!(end, &X(2)); let _: &[X] = start; let _: &X = end; } } ``` In this case, `[start @ .., end]` will match any non-empty slice, binding the last element to `end` and any elements before that to `start`. Note in particular that, as above, `start` may match on the empty slice. ### Only one `..` per slice pattern In today's stable Rust, a tuple (struct) pattern `(a, b, c)` can only have one subtuple pattern (e.g., `(a, .., c)`). That is, if there is a rest pattern, it may only occur once. Any `..` that follow, as in e.g., `(a, .., b, ..)` will cause an error, as there is no way for the compiler to know what `b` applies to. This rule also applies to slice patterns. That is, you may also not write `[a, .., b, ..]`. ## Motivation [PR rust-lang#67569]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/67569/files Slice patterns provide a natural and efficient way to pattern match on slices and arrays. This is particularly useful as slices and arrays are quite a common occurence in modern software targeting modern hardware. However, as aforementioned, it's not yet possible to perform incomplete matches, which is seen in `fn base`, an example taken from the `rustc` codebase itself. This is where subslice patterns come in and extend slice patterns with the natural syntax `xs @ ..` and `..`, where the latter is already used for tuples and tuple structs. As an example of how subslice patterns can be used to clean up code, we have [PR rust-lang#67569]. In this PR, slice patterns enabled us to improve readability and reduce unsafety, at no loss to performance. ## Technical specification ### Grammar The following specification is a *sub-set* of the grammar necessary to explain what interests us here. Note that stabilizing subslice patterns does not alter the stable grammar. The stabilization contains purely semantic changes. ```rust Binding = reference:"ref"? mutable:"mut"? name:IDENT; Pat = | ... // elided | Rest: ".." | Binding:{ binding:Binding { "@" subpat:Pat }? } | Slice:{ "[" elems:Pat* %% "," "]" } | Paren:{ "(" pat:Pat ")" } | Tuple:{ path:Path? "(" elems:Pat* &% "," ")" } ; ``` Notes: 1. `(..)` is interpreted as a `Tuple`, not a `Paren`. This means that `[a, (..)]` is interpreted as `Slice[Binding(a), Tuple[Rest]]` and not `Slice[Binding(a), Paren(Rest)]`. ### Name resolution [resolve_pattern_inner]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_resolve/late/struct.LateResolutionVisitor.html#method.resolve_pattern_inner [product context]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_resolve/late/enum.PatBoundCtx.html#variant.Product A slice pattern is [resolved][resolve_pattern_inner] as a [product context] and `..` is given no special treatment. ### Abstract syntax of slice patterns The abstract syntax (HIR level) is defined like so: ```rust enum PatKind { ... // Other unimportant stuff. Wild, Binding { binding: Binding, subpat: Option<Pat>, }, Slice { before: List<Pat>, slice: Option<Pat>, after: List<Pat>, }, } ``` [`hir::PatKind`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/hir/enum.PatKind.html The executable definition is found in [`hir::PatKind`]. ### Lowering to abstract syntax Lowering a slice pattern to its abstract syntax proceeds by: 1. Lowering each element pattern of the slice pattern, where: 1. `..` is lowered to `_`, recording that it was a subslice pattern, 2. `binding @ ..` is lowered to `binding @ _`, recording that it was a subslice pattern, 3. and all other patterns are lowered as normal, recording that it was not a subslice pattern. 2. Taking all lowered elements until the first subslice pattern. 3. Take all following elements. If there are any, 1. The head is the sub-`slice` pattern. 2. The tail (`after`) must not contain a subslice pattern, or an error occurs. [`LoweringContext::lower_pat_slice`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc/hir/lowering/struct.LoweringContext.html#method.lower_pat_slice The full executable definition can be found in [`LoweringContext::lower_pat_slice`]. ### Type checking slice patterns #### Default binding modes [non-reference pattern]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/reference/patterns.html#binding-modes [`is_non_ref_pat`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_typeck/check/struct.FnCtxt.html#method.is_non_ref_pat [peel_off_references]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_typeck/check/struct.FnCtxt.html#method.peel_off_references A slice pattern is a [non-reference pattern] as defined in [`is_non_ref_pat`]. This means that when type checking a slice pattern, as many immediate reference types are [peeled off][peel_off_references] from the `expected` type as possible and the default binding mode is adjusted to by-reference before checking the slice pattern. See rust-lang#63118 for an algorithmic description. [RFC 2359]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2359-subslice-pattern-syntax.md [rfc-2359-gle]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2359-subslice-pattern-syntax.md#guide-level-explanation See [RFC 2359]'s [guide-level explanation][rfc-2359-gle] and the tests listed below for examples of what effect this has. #### Checking the pattern Type checking a slice pattern proceeds as follows: 1. Resolve any type variables by a single level. If the result still is a type variable, error. 2. Determine the expected type for any subslice pattern (`slice_ty`) and for elements (`inner_ty`) depending on the expected type. 1. If the expected type is an array (`[E; N]`): 1. Evaluate the length of the array. If the length couldn't be evaluated, error. This may occur when we have e.g., `const N: usize`. Now `N` is known. 2. If there is no sub-`slice` pattern, check `len(before) == N`, and otherwise error. 3. Otherwise, set `S = N - len(before) - len(after)`, and check `N >= 0` and otherwise error. Set `slice_ty = [E; S]`. Set `inner_ty = E`. 2. If the expected type is a slice (`[E]`), set `inner_ty = E` and `slice_ty = [E]`. 3. Otherwise, error. 3. Check each element in `before` and `after` against `inner_ty`. 4. If it exists, check `slice` against `slice_ty`. [`check_pat_slice`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_typeck/check/struct.FnCtxt.html#method.check_pat_slice For an executable definition, see [`check_pat_slice`]. ### Typed abstract syntax of slice and array patterns The typed abstract syntax (HAIR level) is defined like so: ```rust enum PatKind { ... // Other unimportant stuff. Wild, Binding { ... // Elided. } Slice { prefix: List<Pat>, slice: Option<Pat>, suffix: List<Pat>, }, Array { prefix: List<Pat>, slice: Option<Pat>, suffix: List<Pat>, }, } ``` [`hair::pattern::PatKind`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_mir/hair/pattern/enum.PatKind.html The executable definition is found in [`hair::pattern::PatKind`]. ### Lowering to typed abstract syntax Lowering a slice pattern to its typed abstract syntax proceeds by: 1. Lowering each pattern in `before` into `prefix`. 2. Lowering the `slice`, if it exists, into `slice`. 1. A `Wild` pattern in abstract syntax is lowered to `Wild`. 2. A `Binding` pattern in abstract syntax is lowered to `Binding { .. }`. 3. Lowering each pattern in `after` into `after`. 4. If the type is `[E; N]`, construct `PatKind::Array { prefix, slice, after }`, otherwise `PatKind::Slice { prefix, slice, after }`. [`PatCtxt::slice_or_array_pattern`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_mir/hair/pattern/struct.PatCtxt.html#method.slice_or_array_pattern The executable definition is found in [`PatCtxt::slice_or_array_pattern`]. ### Exhaustiveness checking Let `E` be the element type of a slice or array. - For array types, `[E; N]` with a known length `N`, the full set of constructors required for an exahustive match is the sequence `ctors(E)^N` where `ctors` denotes the constructors required for an exhaustive match of `E`. - Otherwise, for slice types `[E]`, or for an array type with an unknown length `[E; ?L]`, the full set of constructors is the infinite sequence `⋃_i=0^∞ ctors(E)^i`. This entails that an exhaustive match without a cover-all pattern (e.g. `_` or `binding`) or a subslice pattern (e.g., `[..]` or `[_, _, ..]`) is impossible. - `PatKind::{Slice, Array}(prefix, None, suffix @ [])` cover a sequence of of `len(prefix)` covered by `patterns`. Note that `suffix.len() > 0` with `slice == None` is unrepresentable. - `PatKind::{Slice, Array}(prefix, Some(s), suffix)` cover a `sequence` with `prefix` as the start and `suffix` as the end and where `len(prefix) + len(suffix) <= len(sequence)`. The `..` in the middle is interpreted as an unbounded number of `_`s in terms of exhaustiveness checking. ### MIR representation The relevant MIR representation for the lowering into MIR, which is discussed in the next section, includes: ```rust enum Rvalue { // ... /// The length of a `[X]` or `[X; N]` value. Len(Place), } struct Place { base: PlaceBase, projection: List<PlaceElem>, } enum ProjectionElem { // ... ConstantIndex { offset: Nat, min_length: Nat, from_end: bool, }, Subslice { from: Nat, to: Nat, from_end: bool, }, } ``` ### Lowering to MIR * For a slice pattern matching a slice, where the pattern has `N` elements specified, there is a check that the `Rvalue::Len` of the slice is at least `N` to decide if the pattern can match. * There are two kinds of `ProjectionElem` used for slice patterns: 1. `ProjectionElem::ConstantIndex` is an array or slice element with a known index. As a shorthand it's written `base[offset of min_length]` if `from_end` is false and `base[-offset of min_length]` if `from_end` is true. `base[-offset of min_length]` is the `len(base) - offset`th element of `base`. 2. `ProjectionElem::Subslice` is a subslice of an array or slice with known bounds. As a shorthand it's written `base[from..to]` if `from_end` is false and `base[from:-to]` if `from_end` is true. `base[from:-to]` is the subslice `base[from..len(base) - to]`. * Note that `ProjectionElem::Index` is used for indexing expressions, but not for slice patterns. It's written `base[idx]`. * When binding an array pattern, any individual element binding is lowered to an assignment or borrow of `base[offset of len]` where `offset` is the element's index in the array and `len` is the array's length. * When binding a slice pattern, let `N` be the number of elements that have patterns. Elements before the subslice pattern (`prefix`) are lowered to `base[offset of N]` where `offset` is the element's index from the start. Elements after the subslice pattern (`suffix`) are lowered to `base[-offset of N]` where `offset` is the element's index from the end, plus 1. * Subslices of arrays are lowered to `base[from..to]` where `from` is the number of elements before the subslice pattern and `to = len(array) - len(suffix)` is the length of the array minus the number of elements after the subslice pattern. * Subslices of slices are lowered to `base[from:-to]` where `from` is the number of elements before the subslice pattern (`len(prefix)`) and `to` is the number of elements after the subslice pattern (`len(suffix)`). ### Safety and const checking * Subslice patterns do not introduce any new unsafe operations. * As subslice patterns for arrays are irrefutable, they are allowed in const contexts. As are `[..]` and `[ref y @ ..]` patterns for slices. However, `ref mut` bindings are only allowed with `feature(const_mut_refs)` for now. * As other subslice patterns for slices require a `match`, `if let`, or `while let`, they are only allowed with `feature(const_if_match, const_fn)` for now. * Subslice patterns may occur in promoted constants. ### Borrow and move checking * A subslice pattern can be moved from if it has an array type `[E; N]` and the parent array can be moved from. * Moving from an array subslice pattern moves from all of the elements of the array within the subslice. * If the subslice contains at least one element, this means that dynamic indexing (`arr[idx]`) is no longer allowed on the array. * The array can be reinitialized and can still be matched with another slice pattern that uses a disjoint set of elements. * A subslice pattern can be mutably borrowed if the parent array/slice can be mutably borrowed. * When determining whether an access conflicts with a borrow and at least one is a slice pattern: * `x[from..to]` always conflicts with `x` and `x[idx]` (where `idx` is a variable). * `x[from..to]` conflicts with `x[idx of len]` if `from <= idx` and `idx < to` (that is, `idx ∈ from..to`). * `x[from..to]` conflicts with `x[from2..to2]` if `from < to2` and `from2 < to` (that is, `(from..to) ∩ (from2..to2) ≠ ∅`). * `x[from:-to]` always conflicts with `x`, `x[idx]`, and `x[from2:-to2]`. * `x[from:-to]` conflicts with `x[idx of len]` if `from <= idx`. * `x[from:-to]` conflicts with `x[-idx of len]` if `to < idx`. * A constant index from the end conflicts with other elements as follows: * `x[-idx of len]` always conflicts with `x` and `x[idx]`. * `x[-idx of len]` conflicts with `x[-idx2 of len2]` if `idx == idx2`. * `x[-idx of len]` conflicts with `x[idx2 of len2]` if `idx + idx2 >= max(len, len2)`. ## Tests The tests can be primarily seen in the PR itself. Here are some of them: ### Parsing (3) * Testing that `..` patterns are syntactically allowed in all pattern contexts (2) * [pattern/rest-pat-syntactic.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/rest-pat-syntactic.rs) * [ignore-all-the-things.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/ignore-allthe-things.rs) * Slice patterns allow a trailing comma, including after `..` (1) * [trailing-comma.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/trailing-comma.rs) ### Lowering (2) * `@ ..` isn't allowed outside of slice patterns and only allowed once in each pattern (1) * [pattern/rest-pat-semantic-disallowed.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/rest-pat-semantic-disallowed.rs) * Mulitple `..` patterns are not allowed (1) * [parser/match-vec-invalid.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/53712f8637dbe326df569a90814aae1cc5429710/src/test/ui/parser/match-vec-invalid.rs) ### Type checking (5) * Default binding modes apply to slice patterns (2) * [rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs) * [rfcs/rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/rfcs/rfc-2005-default-binding-mode/slice.rs) * Array patterns cannot have more elements in the pattern than in the array (2) * [match/match-vec-mismatch.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/match/match-vec-mismatch.rs) * [error-codes/E0528.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/error-codes/E0528.rs) * Array subslice patterns have array types (1) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs) ### Exhaustiveness and usefulness checking (20) * Large subslice matches don't stack-overflow the exhaustiveness checker (1) * [pattern/issue-53820-slice-pattern-large-array.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/issue-53820-slice-pattern-large-array.rs) * Array patterns with subslices are irrefutable (1) * [issues/issue-7784.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-7784.rs) * `[xs @ ..]` slice patterns are irrefutable (1) * [binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs) * Subslice patterns can match zero-length slices (2) * [issues/issue-15080.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-15080.rs) * [issues/issue-15104.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-15104.rs) * General tests (13) * [issues/issue-12369.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-12369.rs) * [issues/issue-37598.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-37598.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/match-vec-unreachable.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/match-vec-unreachable.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match-nested.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-match-nested.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-pattern-witness.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/non-exhaustive-pattern-witness.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/65413-constants-and-slices-exhaustiveness.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/65413-constants-and-slices-exhaustiveness.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/match-byte-array-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/match-byte-array-patterns.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/match-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/match-slice-patterns.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-exhaustiveness.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-exhaustiveness.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-irrefutable.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-irrefutable.rs) * [pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-reachability.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/slice-patterns-reachability.rs) * [uninhabited/uninhabited-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/uninhabited/uninhabited-patterns.rs) * Interactions with or-patterns (2) * [or-patterns/exhaustiveness-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/or-patterns/exhaustiveness-pass.rs) * [or-patterns/exhaustiveness-unreachable-pattern.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/or-patterns/exhaustiveness-unreachable-pattern.rs) ### Borrow checking (28) * Slice patterns can only move from owned, fixed-length arrays (4) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-of-vec-tail.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-of-vec-tail.rs) * [moves/move-out-of-slice-2.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/moves/move-out-of-slice-2.rs) * [moves/move-out-of-array-ref.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/moves/move-out-of-array-ref.rs) * [issues/issue-12567.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-12567.rs) * Moves from arrays are tracked by element (2) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-no-overlap.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use-no-overlap.rs) * Slice patterns cannot be used on moved-from slices/arrays (2) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-move-out-from-array-use.rs) * Slice patterns cannot be used with conflicting borrows (3) * [borrowck/borrowck-describe-lvalue.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-describe-lvalue.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice.rs) * Borrows from slice patterns are tracked and only conflict when there is possible overlap (6) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-array-no-overlap.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice-no-overlap.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-slice-no-overlap.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-element-loan.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-element-loan.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-loan-from-mut.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-loan-from-mut.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-tail-element-loan.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-tail-element-loan.rs) * Slice patterns affect indexing expressions (1) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs) * Borrow and move interactions with `box` patterns (1) * [borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-vec-pattern-move-tail.rs) * Slice patterns correctly affect inference of closure captures (2) * [borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns-ok.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-closures-slice-patterns-ok.rs) * Interactions with `#![feature(bindings_after_at)]` (7) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-move-and-move.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-move-and-move.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box-pass.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-at-and-box.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-by-copy-bindings-in-at.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-by-copy-bindings-in-at.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-both-sides.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-both-sides.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-and-ref.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-and-ref.rs) * [pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-twice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/pattern/bindings-after-at/borrowck-pat-ref-mut-twice.rs) * Misc (1) * [issues/issue-26619.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-26619.rs) ### MIR lowering (1) * [uniform_array_move_out.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/mir-opt/uniform_array_move_out.rs) ### Evaluation (19) * Slice patterns don't cause leaks or double drops (2) * [drop/dynamic-drop.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/drop/dynamic-drop.rs) * [drop/dynamic-drop-async.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/drop/dynamic-drop-async.rs) * General run-pass tests (10) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-pass.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fixed.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fixed.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fold.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching-fold.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching-legal-tail-element-borrow.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching-legal-tail-element-borrow.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-matching.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-matching.rs) * [array-slice-vec/vec-tail-matching.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/vec-tail-matching.rs) * [binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/irrefutable-slice-patterns.rs) * [binding/match-byte-array-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/match-byte-array-patterns.rs) * [binding/match-vec-alternatives.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/match-vec-alternatives.rs) * [borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/borrowck/borrowck-slice-pattern-element-loan-rpass.rs) * Matching a large by-value array (1) * [issues/issue-17877.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/issues/issue-17877.rs) * Uninhabited elements (1) * [binding/empty-types-in-patterns.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/empty-types-in-patterns.rs) * Zero-sized elements (3) * [binding/zero_sized_subslice_match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/binding/zero_sized_subslice_match.rs) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs) * Evaluation in const contexts (2) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval.rs) * [array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/array-slice-vec/subslice-patterns-const-eval-match.rs) ## Misc (1) * Exercising a case where const-prop cased an ICE (1) * [consts/const_prop_slice_pat_ice.rs](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/acb6690e1d58fc5f262ada5b5030fe73e601f1e8/src/test/ui/consts/const_prop_slice_pat_ice.rs) ## History - 2012-12-08, commit rust-lang@1968cb3 Author: Jakub Wieczorek Reviewers: @graydon This is where slice patterns were first implemented. It is particularly instructive to read the `vec-tail-matching.rs` test. - 2013-08-20, issue rust-lang#8636 Author: @huonw Fixed by @mikhail-m1 in rust-lang#51894 The issue describes a problem wherein the borrow-checker would not consider disjointness when checking mutable references in slice patterns. - 2014-09-03, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#164 Author: @brson Reviewers: The Core Team The RFC decided to feature gate slice patterns due to concerns over lack of oversight and the exhaustiveness checking logic not having seen much love. Since then, the exhaustivenss checking algorithm, in particular for slice patterns, has been substantially refactored and tests have been added. - 2014-09-03, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#202 Author: @krdln Reviewers: The Core Team > Change syntax of subslices matching from `..xs` to `xs..` to be more consistent with the rest of the language and allow future backwards compatible improvements. In 2019, rust-lang/rfcs#2359 changed the syntax again in favor of `..` and `xs @ ..`. - 2014-09-08, PR rust-lang#17052 Author: @pcwalton Reviewers: @alexcrichton and @sfackler This implemented the feature gating as specified in rust-lang/rfcs#164. - 2015-03-06, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#495 Author: @P1start Reviewers: The Core Team The RFC changed array and slice patterns like so: - Made them only match on arrays (`[T; N]`) and slice types (`[T]`), not references to slice types (`& mut? [T]`). - Made subslice matching yield a value of type `[T; N]` or `[T]`, not `& mut? [T]`. - Allowed multiple mutable references to be made to different parts of the same array or slice in array patterns. These changes were made to fit with the introduction of DSTs like `[T]` as well as with e.g. `box [a, b, c]` (`Box<[T]>`) in the future. All points remain true today, in particular with the advent of default binding modes. - 2015-03-22, PR rust-lang#23361 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: Unknown The PR adjusted codegen ("trans") such that `let ref a = *"abcdef"` would no longer ICE, paving the way for rust-lang/rfcs#495. - 2015-05-28, PR rust-lang#23794 Author: @brson Reviewers: @nrc The PR feature gated slice patterns in more contexts. - 2016-06-09, PR rust-lang#32202 Author: @arielb1 Reviewers: @eddyb and @nikomatsakis This implemented RFC rust-lang/rfcs#495 via a MIR based implementation fixing some bugs. - 2016-09-16, PR rust-lang#36353 Author: @arielb1 Reviewers: @nagisa, @pnkfelix, and @nikomatsakis The PR made move-checker improvements prohibiting moves out of slices. - 2018-02-17, PR rust-lang#47926 Author: @mikhail-m1 Reviewers: @nikomatsakis This added the `UniformArrayMoveOut` which converted move-out-from-array by `Subslice` and `ConstIndex {.., from_end: true }` to `ConstIndex` move out(s) from the beginning of the array. This fixed some problems with the MIR borrow-checker and drop-elaboration of arrays. Unfortunately, the transformation ultimately proved insufficient for soundness and was removed and replaced in rust-lang#66650. - 2018-02-19, PR rust-lang#48355 Author: @mikhail-m1 Reviewers: @nikomatsakis After rust-lang#47926, this restored some MIR optimizations after drop-elaboration and borrow-checking. - 2018-03-20, PR rust-lang#48516 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: @nikomatsakis This stabilized fixed length slice patterns `[a, b, c]` without variable length subslices and moved subslice patterns into `#![feature(slice_patterns)`. See rust-lang#48836 wherein the language team accepted the proposal to stabilize. - 2018-07-06, PR rust-lang#51894 Author: @mikhail-m1 Reviewers: @nikomatsakis rust-lang#8636 was fixed such that the borrow-checker would consider disjointness with respect to mutable references in slice patterns. - 2019-06-30, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#2359 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: The Language Team The RFC switched the syntax of subslice patterns to `{$binding @}? ..` as opposed to `.. $pat?` (which was what the RFC originally proposed). This RFC reignited the work towards finishing the implementation and the testing of slice patterns which eventually lead to this stabilization proposal. - 2019-06-30, RFC rust-lang/rfcs#2707 Author: @petrochenkov Reviewers: The Language Team This RFC built upon rust-lang/rfcs#2359 turning `..` into a full-fledged pattern (`Pat |= Rest:".." ;`), as opposed to a special part of slice and tuple patterns, moving previously syntactic restrictions into semantic ones. - 2019-07-03, PR rust-lang#62255 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @varkor This closed the old tracking issue (rust-lang#23121) in favor of the new one (rust-lang#62254) due to the new RFCs having been accepted. - 2019-07-28, PR rust-lang#62550 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @petrochenkov and @eddyb Implemented RFCs rust-lang/rfcs#2707 and rust-lang/rfcs#2359 by introducing the `..` syntactic rest pattern form as well as changing the lowering to subslice and subtuple patterns and the necessary semantic restrictions as per the RFCs. Moreover, the parser was cleaned up to use a more generic framework for parsing sequences of things. This framework was employed in parsing slice patterns. Finally, the PR introduced parser recovery for half-open ranges (e.g., `..X`, `..=X`, and `X..`), demonstrating in practice that the RFCs proposed syntax will enable half-open ranges if we want to add those (which is done in rust-lang#67258). - 2019-07-30, PR rust-lang#63111 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @estebank Added a test which comprehensively exercised the parsing of `..` rest patterns. That is, the PR exercised the specification in rust-lang/rfcs#2707. Moreover, a test was added for the semantic restrictions noted in the RFC. - 2019-07-31, PR rust-lang#63129 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @oli-obk Hardened the test-suite for subslice and subarray patterns with a run-pass tests. This test exercises both type checking and dynamic semantics. - 2019-09-15, PR rust-lang/rust-analyzer#1848 Author: @ecstatic-morse Reviewers: @matklad This implemented the syntactic change (rest patterns, `..`) in rust-analyzer. - 2019-11-05, PR rust-lang#65874 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor, @arielb1, and @Centril Usefulness / exhaustiveness checking saw a major refactoring clarifying the analysis by emphasizing that each row of the matrix can be seen as a sort of stack from which we pop constructors. - 2019-11-12, PR rust-lang#66129 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor, @Centril, and @estebank Usefulness / exhaustiveness checking of slice patterns were refactored in favor of clearer code. Before the PR, variable-length slice patterns were eagerly expanded into a union of fixed-length slices. They now have their own special constructor, which allows expanding them more lazily. As a side-effect, this improved diagnostics. Moreover, the test suite for exhaustiveness checking of slice patterns was hardened. - 2019-11-20, PR rust-lang#66497 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor and @Centril Building on the previous PR, this one fixed a bug rust-lang#53820 wherein sufficiently large subarray patterns (`match [0u8; 16*1024] { [..] => {}}`) would result in crashing the compiler with a stack-overflow. The PR did this by treating array patterns in a more first-class way (using a variable-length mechanism also used for slices) rather than like large tuples. This also had the effect of improving diagnostics for non-exhaustive matches. - 2019-11-28, PR rust-lang#66603 Author: @Nadrieril Reviewers: @varkor Fixed a bug rust-lang#65413 wherein constants, slice patterns, and exhaustiveness checking interacted in a suboptimal way conspiring to suggest that a reachable arm was in fact unreachable. - 2019-12-12, PR rust-lang#66650 Author: @matthewjasper Reviewers: @pnkfelix and @Centril Removed the `UniformArrayMoveOut` MIR transformation pass in favor of baking the necessary logic into the borrow-checker, drop elaboration and MIR building itself. This fixed a number of bugs, including a soundness hole rust-lang#66502. Moreover, the PR added a slew of tests for borrow- and move-checking of slice patterns as well as a test for the dynamic semantics of dropping subslice patterns. - 2019-12-16, PR rust-lang#67318 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @matthewjasper Improved documentation for AST->HIR lowering + type checking of slice as well as minor code simplification. - 2019-12-21, PR rust-lang#67467 Author: @matthewjasper Reviewers: @oli-obk, @RalfJung, and @Centril Fixed bugs in the const evaluation of slice patterns and added tests for const evaluation as well as borrow- and move-checking. - 2019-12-22, PR rust-lang#67439 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @matthewjasper Cleaned up HAIR lowering of slice patterns, removing special cased dead code for the unrepresentable `[a, b] @ ..`. The PR also refactored type checking for slice patterns. - 2019-12-23, PR rust-lang#67546 Author: @oli-obk Reviewers: @varkor and @RalfJung Fixed an ICE in the MIR interpretation of slice patterns. - 2019-12-24, PR rust-lang#66296 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @pnkfelix and @matthewjasper This implemented `#![feature(bindings_after_at)]` which allows writing e.g. `a @ Some([_, b @ ..])`. This is not directly linked to slice patterns other than with patterns in general. However, the combination of the feature and `slice_patterns` received some testing in the PR. - 2020-01-09, PR rust-lang#67990 Author: @Centril Reviewers: @matthewjasper This hardened move-checker tests for `match` expressions in relation to rust-lang#53114. - This PR stabilizes `slice_patterns`. ## Related / possible future work There is on-going work to improve pattern matching in other ways (the relevance of some of these are indirect, and only by composition): - OR-patterns, `pat_0 | .. | pat_n` is almost implemented. Tracking issue: rust-lang#54883 - Bindings after `@`, e.g., `x @ Some(y)` is implemented. Tracking issue: rust-lang#65490 - Half-open range patterns, e.g., `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` as well as exclusive range patterns, e.g., `X..Y`. Tracking issue: rust-lang#67264 and rust-lang#37854 The relevance here is that this work demonstrates, in practice, that there are no syntactic conflicts introduced by the stabilization of subslice patterns. As for more direct improvements to slice patterns, some avenues could be: - Box patterns, e.g., `box [a, b, .., c]` to match on `Box<[T]>`. Tracking issue: rust-lang#29641 This issue currently has no path to stabilization. Note that it is currently possible to match on `Box<[T]>` or `Vec<T>` by first dereferencing them to slices. - `DerefPure`, which would allow e.g., using slice patterns to match on `Vec<T>` (e.g., moving out of it). Another idea which was raised by [RFC 2707](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2707-dotdot-patterns.md#future-possibilities) and [RFC 2359](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2359-subslice-pattern-syntax.md#pat-vs-pat) was to allow binding a subtuple pattern. That is, we could allow `(a, xs @ .., b)`. However, while we could allow by-value bindings to `..` as in `xs @ ..` at zero cost, the same cannot be said of by-reference bindings, e.g. `(a, ref xs @ .., b)`. The issue here becomes that for a reference to be legal, we have to represent `xs` contiguously in memory. In effect, we are forced into a [`HList`](https://docs.rs/frunk/0.3.1/frunk/hlist/struct.HCons.html) based representation for tuples.

rcx · 2020-03-01T04:38:17Z

I love this feature I hope it makes it into stable. It lets you use the C-like assignment-expression idiom:

if ( (x = expr()) != 0 ) {
// etc
}

becomes

if let x @ 1.. = expr() {
// etc
}

and also good for read loops.

while let n @ 1.. = read(file) {
// etc
}

And in release mode LLVM is intelligent enough to convert this to a simple comparison

…r=joshtriplett Stabilize "RangeFrom" patterns in 1.55 Implements a partial stabilization of rust-lang#67264 and rust-lang#37854. Reference PR: rust-lang/reference#900 # Stabilization Report This stabilizes the `X..` pattern, shown as such, offering an exhaustive match for unsigned integers: ```rust match x as u32 { 0 => println!("zero!"), 1.. => println!("positive number!"), } ``` Currently if a Rust author wants to write such a match on an integer, they must use `1..={integer}::MAX` . By allowing a "RangeFrom" style pattern, this simplifies the match to not require the MAX path and thus not require specifically repeating the type inside the match, allowing for easier refactoring. This is particularly useful for instances like the above case, where different behavior on "0" vs. "1 or any positive number" is desired, and the actual MAX is unimportant. Notably, this excepts slice patterns which include half-open ranges from stabilization, as the wisdom of those is still subject to some debate. ## Practical Applications Instances of this specific usage have appeared in the compiler: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/16143d10679537d3fde4247e15334e78ad9d55b9/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/inhabitedness/mod.rs#L219 https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/673d0db5e393e9c64897005b470bfeb6d5aec61b/compiler/rustc_ty_utils/src/ty.rs#L524 And I have noticed there are also a handful of "in the wild" users who have deployed it to similar effect, especially in the case of rejecting any value of a certain number or greater. It simply makes it much more ergonomic to write an irrefutable match, as done in Katholieke Universiteit Leuven's [SCALE and MAMBA project](https://github.com/KULeuven-COSIC/SCALE-MAMBA/blob/05e5db00d553573534258585651c525d0da5f83f/WebAssembly/scale_std/src/fixed_point.rs#L685-L695). ## Tests There were already many tests in [src/test/ui/half-open-range/patterns](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/90a2e5e3fe59a254d4d707aa291517b3791ea5a6/src/test/ui/half-open-range-patterns), as well as [generic pattern tests that test the `exclusive_range_pattern` feature](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/673d0db5e393e9c64897005b470bfeb6d5aec61b/src/test/ui/pattern/usefulness/integer-ranges/reachability.rs), many dating back to the feature's introduction and remaining standing to this day. However, this stabilization comes with some additional tests to explore the... sometimes interesting behavior of interactions with other patterns. e.g. There is, at least, a mild diagnostic improvement in some edge cases, because before now, the pattern `0..=(5+1)` encounters the `half_open_range_patterns` feature gate and can thus emit the request to enable the feature flag, while also emitting the "inclusive range with no end" diagnostic. There is no intent to allow an `X..=` pattern that I am aware of, so removing the flag request is a strict improvement. The arrival of the `J | K` "or" pattern also enables some odd formations. Some of the behavior tested for here is derived from experiments in this [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2018&gist=58777b3c715c85165ac4a70d93efeefc) example, linked at rust-lang#67264 (comment), which may be useful to reference to observe the current behavior more closely. In addition tests constituting an explanation of the "slicing range patterns" syntax issue are included in this PR. ## Desiderata The exclusive range patterns and half-open range patterns are fairly strongly requested by many authors, as they make some patterns much more natural to write, but there is disagreement regarding the "closed" exclusive range pattern or the "RangeTo" pattern, especially where it creates "off by one" gaps in the presence of a "catch-all" wildcard case. Also, there are obviously no range analyses in place that will force diagnostics for e.g. highly overlapping matches. I believe these should be warned on, ideally, and I think it would be reasonable to consider such a blocker to stabilizing this feature, but there is no technical issue with the feature as-is from the purely syntactic perspective as such overlapping or missed matches can already be generated today with such a catch-all case. And part of the "point" of the feature, at least from my view, is to make it easier to omit wildcard matches: a pattern with such an "open" match produces an irrefutable match and does not need the wild card case, making it easier to benefit from exhaustiveness checking. ## History - Implemented: - Partially via exclusive ranges: rust-lang#35712 - Fully with half-open ranges: rust-lang#67258 - Unresolved Questions: - The precedence concerns of rust-lang#48501 were considered as likely requiring adjustment but probably wanting a uniform consistent change across all pattern styles, given rust-lang#67264 (comment), but it is still unknown what changes might be desired - How we want to handle slice patterns in ranges seems to be an open question still, as witnessed in the discussion of this PR! I checked but I couldn't actually find an RFC for this, and given "approved provisionally by lang team without an RFC", I believe this might require an RFC before it can land? Unsure of procedure here, on account of this being stabilizing a subset of a feature of syntax. r? `@scottmcm`

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Tracking issue for ..X, and ..=X (#![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]) #67264

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Centril changed the title ~~[EXPERIMENT] Introduce X.., ..X, and ..=X range patterns~~ Introduce X.., ..X, and ..=X range patterns Dec 12, 2019

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Centril added F-half_open_range_patterns `#![feature(half_open_range_patterns)]` F-exclusive_range_pattern `#![feature(exclusive_range_pattern)]` labels Dec 12, 2019

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Introduce #![feature(half_open_range_patterns)].

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This feature adds `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` patterns.

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Rollup of 5 pull requests #68086

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Rollup of 6 pull requests #68087

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JohnTitor mentioned this pull request Jan 10, 2020

Rollup of 7 pull requests #68094

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JohnTitor mentioned this pull request Jan 10, 2020

Rollup of 8 pull requests #68101

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bors merged commit d5598aa into rust-lang:master Jan 10, 2020

Centril deleted the open-ended-ranges branch January 10, 2020 23:44

JohnTitor added a commit to JohnTitor/rust-clippy that referenced this pull request Jan 11, 2020

Rustup to rust-lang/rust#67258

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Centril mentioned this pull request Jan 11, 2020

Ban ...X pats, harden tests, and improve diagnostics #68120

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calebcartwright mentioned this pull request Feb 11, 2020

support formatting half open ranges rust-lang/rustfmt#4044

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workingjubilee mentioned this pull request May 4, 2021

Stabilize "RangeFrom" patterns in 1.55 #83918

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Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns #67258

Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns #67258

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		fn main() {}

		#[cfg(FALSE)]

Introduce X.., ..X, and ..=X range patterns #67258

Introduce X.., ..X, and ..=X range patterns #67258

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Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns #67258

Introduce `X..`, `..X`, and `..=X` range patterns #67258

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