(v8.x backport) src: allow CLI args in env with NODE_OPTIONS

[sam-github]

Backport of #12028. Conflict in doc/api/cli.md was trivial, caused by docs added adjacent to those introduced in #11968.

@jasnell not sure what status of 8.x is, but I request this feature be part of 8.x, and backported to non-maintenance versions (i.e 7.x and 6.x). Its a very useful feature for production, so I'd like it to be available in production Node.js releases.

Not all CLI options are supported, those that are problematic from a
security or implementation point of view are disallowed, as are ones
that are inappropriate (for example, -e, -p, --i), or that only make
sense when changed with code changes (such as options that change the
javascript syntax or add new APIs).

PR-URL: #12028
Reviewed-By: James M Snell jasnell@gmail.com
Reviewed-By: Michael Dawson michael_dawson@ca.ibm.com
Reviewed-By: Refael Ackermann refack@gmail.com
Reviewed-By: Gibson Fahnestock gibfahn@gmail.com
Reviewed-By: Bradley Farias bradley.meck@gmail.com

Checklist

• make -j4 test (UNIX), or vcbuild test (Windows) passes
• tests and/or benchmarks are included
• documentation is changed or added
• commit message follows commit guidelines

Affected core subsystem(s)

[jasnell]

A backport PR for 8.x is not necessary. Now that this has landed in master, it will be picked up automatically the next time I sync the 8.x and 8.x-staging branches. This can be closed.