[ci] Add quick_lint job to GitHub Actions CI workflow

[jwnrt]

In Azure, we use these quick lints as a filter before we run the rest of the pipeline. We need this job running in parallel in GitHub Actions to start porting things over.

• I've dropped the "Determine build type" step as we don't need this right now and it's not a lint anyway.
• I also dropped the "Confirm no .bazelrc-site" step since it's already in .gitignore and this check seems superfluous.
• Otherwise, no changes.

This PR also ports the ci/install-dependencies.{sh,yml} files from Azure to GitHub (with some duplication). I'd still like to extract the Verilator and Verible versions to some external file. Same for the Python version ideally.

[pamaury]

This looks good to me, thanks James

[jwnrt]

GitHub's cache action seems a little broken:

• It doesn't have permission to restore /tools/verilator: Permission denied when caching macports actions/cache#629.
• It isn't able to save caches under $HOME: $HOME in cache path doesn't work actions/cache#1332

But I think I've gotten caching working with the following:

• I've moved the EDA tool install location to /tmp/{verilator,verible} and it seems to be working.
• I've changed the pip install step to be system-wide, not --user.
• I've set -o Dir::Cache::archives=/tmp/apt-archives for apt and cached that directory.

[jwnrt]

Changed setup-python to read the python version from pyproject.toml, but it chose to use 3.12. This is supposedly supported by our pyproject.toml but doesn't work yet.

Getting OpenTitan working on 3.12 looks like a non-trivial amount of work, so deferring for another PR.