generalize BaseConfig.update_from + call adapter factory methods in core

[MichelleArk]

resolves #9334

Problem

• BaseConfig.update_from in dbt/common was using a method imported from dbt.adapter to convert an adapter type -> its config class. This would represent a circular dependency once dbt/common is moved out of dbt-core and into an upstream package

Solution

• call the dbt.adpater method in dbt.core (which can depend on dbt.adapter) and pass the resulting config class to the update_from call

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required/relevant for this PR
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g. macros, cli, logs, json artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (e42b7ca) 86.64% compared to head (3a7fe51) 86.58%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #9335      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   86.64%   86.58%   -0.06%     
==========================================
  Files         221      221              
  Lines       26997    26999       +2     
==========================================
- Hits        23391    23377      -14     
- Misses       3606     3622      +16     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	83.46% <100.00%> (-0.12%)	⬇️
unit	65.21% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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[MichelleArk]

it was sad!