Prototype: test materialization that allows materialization to be set in the config()

[dbeatty10]

regarding #6914

🚧 This is a prototype. It currently includes logging statements an inline comments for demo purposes.

Problem

The failures of dbt tests can only be done ephemerally or stored in a table stored in a table; there is no way to capture test results as a view or a materialized view. So users need to re-run dbt test (or dbt build) to see the results that are up-to-date. Of course those results can immediately go stale 😬

Solution

Big idea

Enable test results as a view or a materialized view via the materialized config so that they will always show the current failures without the need to run dbt.

Users can specify the materialization within the config block in their tests like any the following:

• materialized="table" (isomorphic to --store-failures)
• materialized="view" NEW
• materialized="materialized_view" NEW

Implementation details

Flesh out the ideas in this Loom by combining #8653 with the approach used by the clone materialization (introduced in #7881).

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required/relevant for this PR
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g. macros, cli, logs, json artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions

[github-actions]

Thank you for your pull request! We could not find a changelog entry for this change. For details on how to document a change, see the contributing guide.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (408a789) 86.65% compared to head (656a101) 83.02%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #8748      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   86.65%   83.02%   -3.64%     
==========================================
  Files         176      176              
  Lines       25772    25767       -5     
==========================================
- Hits        22332    21392     -940     
- Misses       3440     4375     +935     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	79.08% <ø> (-4.33%)	⬇️
unit	65.13% <ø> (-0.01%)	⬇️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files	Coverage Δ
core/dbt/contracts/graph/model_config.py	89.07% <ø> (-3.12%)	⬇️
core/dbt/task/test.py	89.62% <ø> (-5.67%)	⬇️

... and 55 files with indirect coverage changes

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[dbeatty10]

Closing since this was just a prototype to support #8653