fix: Update CDVAllowList to support more valid schemes

[dpogue]

Platforms affected

iOS

Motivation and Context

These may be unusual schemes, but they are canonically valid and should be supported.

Closes GH-1291.

Description

Update the regex in CDVAllowList to the one @erisu suggested.

Testing

Added a test case to confirm the schemes are parsed properly.

Checklist

• I've run the tests to see all new and existing tests pass
• I added automated test coverage as appropriate for this change
• If this Pull Request resolves an issue, I linked to the issue in the text above (and used the correct keyword to close issues using keywords)

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 80.22%. Comparing base (3ce3a7e) to head (4280651).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #1473   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   80.22%   80.22%           
=======================================
  Files          16       16           
  Lines        1871     1871           
=======================================
  Hits         1501     1501           
  Misses        370      370           

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[erisu]

LGTM