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# $Id: README.TXT,v 1.21 2011/07/01 20:48:23 guru Exp $ | ||
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Version 2.2.0 July 2011: The area of small (< 0.1 km^2) polygons | ||
got truncated to 0. This would cause gshhs to consider them | ||
as lines (borders or rivers) instead of polygons. Furthermore, | ||
the areas were recomputed using the WGS-84 ellipsoid as the previous | ||
area values were based on a spherical calculation. Thanks to | ||
José Luis García Pallero for pointing this out. We now store | ||
the area with a magnitude scale tuned to each polygon. Also, the | ||
greenwich flag is now a 2-bit flag composed of 1 (crosses Greenwich), | ||
2 (crosses Dateline), 3 (both) or 0 (no such crossing). See gshhs.[ch] for | ||
details. Finally, the binary gshhs files now store Antarctica in | ||
-180/+180 range so as to avoid a jump when dumped to ASCII. | ||
Also, the WDBII shapefiles only had the first 3 levels of rivers; | ||
version 2.2.0 has all 11. | ||
-------------------------------------------------------------------- | ||
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Version 2.1.1 March 2011: Relatively minor fixes to low-resolution | ||
polygons, including editing errors introduced in v 2.1, removing | ||
a few spikes from 4-5 polygons, and fixing Germany-Poland border | ||
near the Baltic Sea. | ||
-------------------------------------------------------------------- | ||
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Version 2.1 July 2010: Fixes lack of river-lake flag in the binary | ||
and shapefile release. Shapefile polygons of level = 2 and with a | ||
negative area are river-lakes. Also include WDBII border and river | ||
data as shapefiles. | ||
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-------------------------------------------------------------------- | ||
Global Self-consistent Hierarchical High-resolution Shorelines | ||
version 2.0 July 15, 2009 | ||
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Distributed under the Gnu Public License | ||
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This is the README file for the GSHHS Data distribution. To read | ||
the data you should get the gshhs supplement to GMT, the Generic | ||
Mapping Tools (gmt.soest.hawaii.edu). GSHHS appear in GMT in a | ||
different, netCDF format optimized for plotting as huge polygons | ||
are not as efficient. For more information about how the GSHHS | ||
data were processed, see Wessel and Smith, 1996, JGR. | ||
Many thanks to Tom Kratzke, Metron Inc., for patiently testing | ||
many draft versions of GSHHS and reporting inconsistencies such as | ||
erratic data points and crossings. | ||
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Version 2.0 differs from the previous version 1.x in the following | ||
ways. | ||
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1. Free from internal and external crossings and erratic spikes | ||
at all five resolutions. | ||
2. The original Eurasiafrica polygon has been split into Eurasia | ||
(polygon # 0) and Africa (polygon # 1) along the Suez canal. | ||
3. The original Americas polygon has now been split into North | ||
America (polygon # 2) and South America (polygon # 3) along | ||
the Panama canal. | ||
4. Antarctica is now polygon # 4 and Australia is polygon # 5, in | ||
all the five resolutions. | ||
5. Fixed numerous problems, including missing islands and lakes | ||
in the Amazon and Nile deltas. | ||
6. Flagged "riverlakes" which are the fat part of major rivers so | ||
they may easily be identified by users. | ||
7. Determined container ID for all polygons (== -1 for level 1 | ||
polygons) which is the ID of the polygon that contains a smaller | ||
polygon. | ||
8. Determined full-resolution ancestor ID for lower res polygons, | ||
i.e., the ID of the polygon that was reduced to yield the lower- | ||
res version. | ||
9. Ensured consistency across resolutions (i.e., a feature that is | ||
an island at full resolution should not become a lake in low!). | ||
10. Sorted tables on level, then on the area of each feature. | ||
11. Made sure no feature is missing in one resolution but | ||
present in the next lower resolution. | ||
12. Store both the actual area of the lower-res polygons and the | ||
area of the full-resolution ancestor so users may exclude fea- | ||
tures that represent less that a fraction of the original full | ||
area. | ||
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There was some duplication and wrong levels assigned to maritime | ||
political boundaries in the Persian Gulf that has been fixed. | ||
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These changes required us to enhance the GSHHS C-structure used to | ||
read and write the data. As of version 2.0 the header structure is | ||
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struct GSHHS { /* Global Self-consistent Hierarchical High-resolution Shorelines */ | ||
int id; /* Unique polygon id number, starting at 0 */ | ||
int n; /* Number of points in this polygon */ | ||
int flag; /* = level + version << 8 + greenwich << 16 + source << 24 + river << 25 */ | ||
/* flag contains 5 items, as follows: | ||
* low byte: level = flag & 255: Values: 1 land, 2 lake, 3 island_in_lake, 4 pond_in_island_in_lake | ||
* 2nd byte: version = (flag >> 8) & 255: Values: Should be 7 for GSHHS release 7 (i.e., version 2.0) | ||
* 3rd byte: greenwich = (flag >> 16) & 1: Values: Greenwich is 1 if Greenwich is crossed | ||
* 4th byte: source = (flag >> 24) & 1: Values: 0 = CIA WDBII, 1 = WVS | ||
* 4th byte: river = (flag >> 25) & 1: Values: 0 = not set, 1 = river-lake and level = 2 | ||
*/ | ||
int west, east, south, north; /* min/max extent in micro-degrees */ | ||
int area; /* Area of polygon in 1/10 km^2 */ | ||
int area_full; /* Area of original full-resolution polygon in 1/10 km^2 */ | ||
int container; /* Id of container polygon that encloses this polygon (-1 if none) */ | ||
int ancestor; /* Id of ancestor polygon in the full resolution set that was the source of this polygon (-1 if none) */ | ||
}; | ||
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Some useful information: | ||
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A) To avoid headaches the binary files were written to be big-endian. | ||
If you use the GMT supplement gshhs it will check for endian-ness and if needed will | ||
byte swab the data automatically. If not then you will need to deal with this yourself. | ||
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B) In addition to GSHHS we also distribute the files with political boundaries and | ||
river lines. These derive from the WDBII data set. | ||
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C) As to the best of our knowledge, the GSHHS data are geodetic longitude, latitude | ||
locations on the WGS-84 ellipsoid. This is certainly true of the WVS data (the coastlines). | ||
Lakes, riverlakes (and river lines and political borders) came from the WDBII data set | ||
which may have been on WGS072. The difference in ellipsoid is way less then the data | ||
uncertainties. Offsets have been noted between GSHHS and modern GPS positions. | ||
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D) Originally, the gshhs_dp tool was used on the full resolution data to produce the lower | ||
resolution versions. However, the Douglas-Peucker algorithm often produce polygons with | ||
self-intersections as well as create segments that intersect other polygons. These problems | ||
have been corrected in the GSHHS lower resolutions over the years. If you use gshhs_dp to | ||
generate your own lower-resolution data set you should expect these problems. | ||
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E) The shapefiles release was made by formatting the GSHHS data using the extended GMT/GIS | ||
metadata understood by OGR, then using ogr2ogr to build the shapefiles. Each resolution | ||
is stored in its own subdirectory (e.g., f, h, i, l, c) and each level (1-4) appears in | ||
its own shapefile. Thus, GSHHS_h_L3.shp contains islands in lakes for the high res | ||
data. Because of GIS limitations some polygons that straddle the Dateline (including | ||
Antarctica) have been split into two parts (east and west). | ||
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F) The netcdf-formatted coastlines distributed with GMT derives directly from GSHHS; however | ||
the polygons have been broken into segments within tiles. These files are not meant | ||
to be used by users other than via GMT tools (pscoast, grdlandmask, etc). The latest | ||
GMT comes with version 2.0.2 of the netcdf files, still based on GSHHS 2.0. | ||
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Paul Wessel Primary contact: pwessel@hawaii.edu | ||
Walter H. F. Smith | ||
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Reference: | ||
Wessel, P. and Smith, W.H.F., 1996. A global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution | ||
shoreline database. J. Geophys. Res., 101(B4): 8741–8743. |
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lib/cartopy/tests/mpl/baseline_images/mpl/test_features/gshhs_coastlines.png
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