Port star_preroute to rust (backport #12761)

[mergify]

Summary

Closes #12337

This PR ports the core logic of star_preroute from Python to Rust. The changes involve creating a new Rust module for the star prerouting algorithm and updating the corresponding Python code to integrate with this new Rust functionality.

These changes only involve the first part of porting star_prerouting to rust, as it mainly handles porting the logic of transforming the DAG with the StarBlocks to rust, but we will still need to decide how we should port collecting the StarBlocks to rust. This is a bit more tricky as there are still ongoing discussion on how we can extend the block collection, such as in PR #12498 .

Details and comments

• New Rust file: Added star_preroute.rs to handle the core logic of the function star_preroute from the python side. This file defines the type aliases for node and block representations, which matches the current block representation of the StarBlock (except that the center is just a bool, as we only need to know if there is a center), and the node representation matches how the nodes used in SabreDAG. The star_preroute function processes the star blocks witihin the SabreDAG to finds the linear routing equivalent and then returns the result as a SabreResult.
• Node representation: A key part of this implementation is how it takes advantage of SabreResult and SabreDAG, so the node representation is a tuple of the node id, list of qubit indices, a set of classical bit indices, and a directive flag. However, once we update the regular DAG to rust, this part may change significantly, but the main logic will remain unchanged.
• Updates in the SABRE rust module: To use sabre_dag.rs and swap_map.rs in star_prerouting, I change them to be public in crates/accelerate/src/sabre/mod.rs. Not sure if it makes more sense to do it this way or to move star_prerouting to crates/accelerate/src/sabre/ since it mimics the methods used in Sabre to change the dag.
• Python side updates: Imported the necessary modules and only modified the function star_preroute so that now the function performs the heavy lifting of transforming the DAG within the Rust space, leveraging _build_sabre_dag and _apply_sabre_result.
• Issues: I was not sure how correctly handle nodes with control flow from the rust side. I know that route.rs handles this with route_control_flow_block to populate the node_block_results for SabreResult, but I was not sure how to best take advantage of this function for star_prerouting. Currently, the node_block_results for star_prerouting essentially always empty and just there to haveSabreResult. There also seems to be no unit tests for star_prerouting that includes control flow.

  ---

  This is an automatic backport of pull request Port star_preroute to rust #12761 done by Mergify.

[mergify]

Cherry-pick of b23c545 has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/stable/1.2/pr-12761
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/stable/1.2'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit b23c54523.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   crates/accelerate/src/lib.rs
	modified:   crates/accelerate/src/sabre/mod.rs
	new file:   crates/accelerate/src/star_prerouting.rs
	modified:   qiskit/__init__.py
	modified:   qiskit/transpiler/passes/routing/star_prerouting.py
	new file:   releasenotes/notes/port_star_prerouting-13fae3ff78feb5e3.yaml
	modified:   test/python/transpiler/test_star_prerouting.py

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
	both modified:   crates/pyext/src/lib.rs

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

[qiskit-bot]

Thank you for opening a new pull request.

Before your PR can be merged it will first need to pass continuous integration tests and be reviewed. Sometimes the review process can be slow, so please be patient.

While you're waiting, please feel free to review other open PRs. While only a subset of people are authorized to approve pull requests for merging, everyone is encouraged to review open pull requests. Doing reviews helps reduce the burden on the core team and helps make the project's code better for everyone.

One or more of the following people are relevant to this code:

• @Qiskit/terra-core
• @kevinhartman
• @mtreinish

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 10148101452

Details

• 167 of 174 (95.98%) changed or added relevant lines in 4 files are covered.
• 2 unchanged lines in 1 file lost coverage.
• Overall coverage increased (+0.03%) to 89.977%

---

Changes Missing Coverage	Covered Lines	Changed/Added Lines	%
qiskit/transpiler/passes/routing/star_prerouting.py	27	34	79.41%

Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
crates/qasm2/src/lex.rs	2	92.62%

Totals
Change from base Build 10145758938:	0.03%
Covered Lines:	66331
Relevant Lines:	73720

---

💛 - Coveralls