diff --git a/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AllOfValidator.java b/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AllOfValidator.java
index dc2091c13..b45198244 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AllOfValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AllOfValidator.java
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ public class AllOfValidator extends BaseJsonValidator {
 
     public AllOfValidator(SchemaLocation schemaLocation, JsonNodePath evaluationPath, JsonNode schemaNode, JsonSchema parentSchema, ValidationContext validationContext) {
         super(schemaLocation, evaluationPath, schemaNode, parentSchema, ValidatorTypeCode.ALL_OF, validationContext);
+        if (!schemaNode.isArray()) {
+            JsonType nodeType = TypeFactory.getValueNodeType(schemaNode, this.validationContext.getConfig());
+            throw new JsonSchemaException(message().instanceNode(schemaNode)
+                    .instanceLocation(schemaLocation.getFragment())
+                    .messageKey("type")
+                    .arguments(nodeType.toString(), "array")
+                    .build());
+        }
         int size = schemaNode.size();
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             this.schemas.add(validationContext.newSchema(schemaLocation.append(i), evaluationPath.append(i),
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AnyOfValidator.java b/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AnyOfValidator.java
index 931c4e33b..5dac253ac 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AnyOfValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/AnyOfValidator.java
@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ public class AnyOfValidator extends BaseJsonValidator {
 
     public AnyOfValidator(SchemaLocation schemaLocation, JsonNodePath evaluationPath, JsonNode schemaNode, JsonSchema parentSchema, ValidationContext validationContext) {
         super(schemaLocation, evaluationPath, schemaNode, parentSchema, ValidatorTypeCode.ANY_OF, validationContext);
+        if (!schemaNode.isArray()) {
+            JsonType nodeType = TypeFactory.getValueNodeType(schemaNode, this.validationContext.getConfig());
+            throw new JsonSchemaException(message().instanceNode(schemaNode)
+                    .instanceLocation(schemaLocation.getFragment())
+                    .messageKey("type")
+                    .arguments(nodeType.toString(), "array")
+                    .build());
+        }
         int size = schemaNode.size();
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             this.schemas.add(validationContext.newSchema(schemaLocation.append(i), evaluationPath.append(i),
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidator.java b/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidator.java
index 3ba564a44..1a49d986f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidator.java
@@ -36,6 +36,14 @@ public class OneOfValidator extends BaseJsonValidator {
 
     public OneOfValidator(SchemaLocation schemaLocation, JsonNodePath evaluationPath, JsonNode schemaNode, JsonSchema parentSchema, ValidationContext validationContext) {
         super(schemaLocation, evaluationPath, schemaNode, parentSchema, ValidatorTypeCode.ONE_OF, validationContext);
+        if (!schemaNode.isArray()) {
+            JsonType nodeType = TypeFactory.getValueNodeType(schemaNode, this.validationContext.getConfig());
+            throw new JsonSchemaException(message().instanceNode(schemaNode)
+                    .instanceLocation(schemaLocation.getFragment())
+                    .messageKey("type")
+                    .arguments(nodeType.toString(), "array")
+                    .build());
+        }
         int size = schemaNode.size();
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
             JsonNode childNode = schemaNode.get(i);
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/AllOfValidatorTest.java b/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/AllOfValidatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97d047665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/AllOfValidatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.networknt.schema;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import com.networknt.schema.SpecVersion.VersionFlag;
+
+public class AllOfValidatorTest {
+    @Test
+    void invalidTypeShouldThrowJsonSchemaException() {
+        String schemaData = "{\r\n"
+                + "  \"$defs\": {\r\n"
+                + "    \"User\": true\r\n"
+                + "  },\r\n"
+                + "  \"allOf\": {\r\n"
+                + "    \"$ref\": \"#/defs/User\"\r\n"
+                + "  }\r\n"
+                + "}";
+        JsonSchemaFactory factory = JsonSchemaFactory.getInstance(VersionFlag.V202012);
+        JsonSchemaException ex = assertThrows(JsonSchemaException.class, () -> factory.getSchema(schemaData));
+        assertEquals("type", ex.getValidationMessage().getMessageKey());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/AnyOfValidatorTest.java b/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/AnyOfValidatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25ee04bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/AnyOfValidatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.networknt.schema;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import com.networknt.schema.SpecVersion.VersionFlag;
+
+public class AnyOfValidatorTest {
+    @Test
+    void invalidTypeShouldThrowJsonSchemaException() {
+        String schemaData = "{\r\n"
+                + "  \"$defs\": {\r\n"
+                + "    \"User\": true\r\n"
+                + "  },\r\n"
+                + "  \"anyOf\": {\r\n"
+                + "    \"$ref\": \"#/defs/User\"\r\n"
+                + "  }\r\n"
+                + "}";
+        JsonSchemaFactory factory = JsonSchemaFactory.getInstance(VersionFlag.V202012);
+        JsonSchemaException ex = assertThrows(JsonSchemaException.class, () -> factory.getSchema(schemaData));
+        assertEquals("type", ex.getValidationMessage().getMessageKey());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidatorTest.java b/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidatorTest.java
index f83d7f9ae..151632d92 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidatorTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/networknt/schema/OneOfValidatorTest.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package com.networknt.schema;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -123,4 +124,19 @@ void oneOfZero() {
         assertEquals("$.test", assertions.get(3).getInstanceLocation().toString());
         assertEquals("$.oneOf[2].additionalProperties.type", assertions.get(3).getEvaluationPath().toString());
     }
+
+    @Test
+    void invalidTypeShouldThrowJsonSchemaException() {
+        String schemaData = "{\r\n"
+                + "  \"$defs\": {\r\n"
+                + "    \"User\": true\r\n"
+                + "  },\r\n"
+                + "  \"oneOf\": {\r\n"
+                + "    \"$ref\": \"#/defs/User\"\r\n"
+                + "  }\r\n"
+                + "}";
+        JsonSchemaFactory factory = JsonSchemaFactory.getInstance(VersionFlag.V202012);
+        JsonSchemaException ex = assertThrows(JsonSchemaException.class, () -> factory.getSchema(schemaData));
+        assertEquals("type", ex.getValidationMessage().getMessageKey());
+    }
 }