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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 201:
* journalctl --update-catalog now understands a new --root=
option to operate on catalogs found in a different root
directory.
* During shutdown after systemd has terminated all running
services a final killing loop kills all remaining left-over
processes. We will now print the name of these processes
when we send SIGKILL to them, since this usually indicates a
problem.
* If /etc/crypttab refers to password files stored on
configured mount points automatic dependencies will now be
generated to ensure the specific mount is established first
before the key file is attempted to be read.
* 'systemctl status' will now show information about the
network sockets a socket unit is listening on.
* 'systemctl status' will also shown information about any
drop-in configuration file for units. (Drop-In configuration
files in this context are files such as
/etc/systemd/systemd/foobar.service.d/*.conf)
* systemd-cgtop now optionally shows summed up CPU times of
cgroups. Press '%' while running cgtop to switch between
percentage and absolute mode. This is useful to determine
which cgroups use up the most CPU time over the entire
runtime of the system. systemd-cgtop has also been updated
to be 'pipeable' for processing with further shell tools.
* 'hostnamectl set-hostname' will now allow setting of FQDN
hostnames.
* The formatting and parsing of time span values has been
changed. The parser now understands fractional expressions
such as "5.5h". The formatter will now output fractional
expressions for all time spans under 1min, i.e. "5.123456s"
rather than "5s 123ms 456us". For time spans under 1s
millisecond values are shown, for those under 1ms
microsecond values are shown. This should greatly improve
all time-related output of systemd.
* libsystemd-login and libsystemd-journal gained new
functions for querying the poll() events mask and poll()
timeout value for integration into arbitrary event
loops.
* localectl gained the ability to list available X11 keymaps
(models, layouts, variants, options).
* 'systemd-analyze dot' gained the ability to filter for
specific units via shell-style globs, to create smaller,
more useful graphs. I.e. it's now possible to create simple
graphs of all the dependencies between only target units, or
of all units that Avahi has dependencies with.
Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Dr. Tilmann Bubeck,
Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers, Kelly
Anderson, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Maksim Melnikau,
Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marius Vollmer, Martin Pitt, Michal
Schmidt, Oleksii Shevchuk, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie,
Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Weißschuh, Umut Tezduyar, Václav
Pavlín, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Łukasz Stelmach
CHANGES WITH 200:
* The boot-time readahead implementation for rotating media
will now read the read-ahead data in multiple passes which
consist of all read requests made in equidistant time
intervals. This means instead of strictly reading read-ahead
data in its physical order on disk we now try to find a
middle ground between physical and access time order.
* /etc/os-release files gained a new BUILD_ID= field for usage
on operating systems that provide continuous builds of OS
images.
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin Pitt, Václav Pavlín
William Douglas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 199:
* systemd-python gained an API exposing libsystemd-daemon.
* The SMACK setup logic gained support for uploading CIPSO
security policy.
* Behaviour of PrivateTmp=, ReadWriteDirectories=,
ReadOnlyDirectories= and InaccessibleDirectories= has
changed. The private /tmp and /var/tmp directories are now
shared by all processes of a service (which means
ExecStartPre= may now leave data in /tmp that ExecStart= of
the same service can still access). When a service is
stopped its temporary directories are immediately deleted
(normal clean-up with tmpfiles is still done in addition to
this though).
* By default, systemd will now set a couple of sysctl
variables in the kernel: the safe sysrq options are turned
on, IP route verification is turned on, and source routing
disabled. The recently added hardlink and softlink
protection of the kernel is turned on. These settings should
be reasonably safe, and good defaults for all new systems.
* The predictable network naming logic may now be turned off
with a new kernel command line switch: net.ifnames=0.
* A new libsystemd-bus module has been added that implements a
pretty complete D-Bus client library. For details see:
http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2013-March/009797.html
* journald will now explicitly flush the journal files to disk
at the latest 5min after each write. The file will then also
be marked offline until the next write. This should increase
reliability in case of a crash. The synchronization delay
can be configured via SyncIntervalSec= in journald.conf.
* There's a new remote-fs-setup.target unit that can be used
to pull in specific services when at least one remote file
system is to be mounted.
* There are new targets timers.target and paths.target as
canonical targets to pull user timer and path units in
from. This complements sockets.target with a similar
purpose for socket units.
* libudev gained a new call udev_device_set_attribute_value()
to set sysfs attributes of a device.
* The udev daemon now sets the default number of worker
processes executed in parallel based on the number of available
CPUs instead of the amount of available RAM. This is supposed
to provide a more reliable default and limit a too agressive
paralellism for setups with 1000s of devices connected.
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Walters, Cristian
Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Hannes
Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan
Engelhardt, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Mathieu Bridon, Michael Biebl,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nathaniel Chen,
Oleksii Shevchuk, Ozan Çağlayan, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 198:
* Configuration of unit files may now be extended via drop-in
files without having to edit/override the unit files
themselves. More specifically, if the administrator wants to
change one value for a service file foobar.service he can
now do so by dropping in a configuration snippet into
/etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/*.conf. The unit logic
will load all these snippets and apply them on top of the
main unit configuration file, possibly extending or
overriding its settings. Using these drop-in snippets is
generally nicer than the two earlier options for changing
unit files locally: copying the files from
/usr/lib/systemd/system/ to /etc/systemd/system/ and editing
them there; or creating a new file in /etc/systemd/system/
that incorporates the original one via ".include". Drop-in
snippets into these .d/ directories can be placed in any
directory systemd looks for units in, and the usual
overriding semantics between /usr/lib, /etc and /run apply
for them too.
* Most unit file settings which take lists of items can now be
reset by assigning the empty string to them. For example,
normally, settings such as Environment=FOO=BAR append a new
environment variable assignment to the environment block,
each time they are used. By assigning Environment= the empty
string the environment block can be reset to empty. This is
particularly useful with the .d/*.conf drop-in snippets
mentioned above, since this adds the ability to reset list
settings from vendor unit files via these drop-ins.
* systemctl gained a new "list-dependencies" command for
listing the dependencies of a unit recursively.
* Inhibitors are now honored and listed by "systemctl
suspend", "systemctl poweroff" (and similar) too, not only
GNOME. These commands will also list active sessions by
other users.
* Resource limits (as exposed by the various control group
controllers) can now be controlled dynamically at runtime
for all units. More specifically, you can now use a command
like "systemctl set-cgroup-attr foobar.service cpu.shares
2000" to alter the CPU shares a specific service gets. These
settings are stored persistently on disk, and thus allow the
administrator to easily adjust the resource usage of
services with a few simple commands. This dynamic resource
management logic is also available to other programs via the
bus. Almost any kernel cgroup attribute and controller is
supported.
* systemd-vconsole-setup will now copy all font settings to
all allocated VTs, where it previously applied them only to
the foreground VT.
* libsystemd-login gained the new sd_session_get_tty() API
call.
* This release drops support for a few legacy or
distribution-specific LSB facility names when parsing init
scripts: $x-display-manager, $mail-transfer-agent,
$mail-transport-agent, $mail-transfer-agent, $smtp,
$null. Also, the mail-transfer-agent.target unit backing
this has been removed. Distributions which want to retain
compatibility with this should carry the burden for
supporting this themselves and patch support for these back
in, if they really need to. Also, the facilities $syslog and
$local_fs are now ignored, since systemd does not support
early-boot LSB init scripts anymore, and these facilities
are implied anyway for normal services. syslog.target has
also been removed.
* There are new bus calls on PID1's Manager object for
cancelling jobs, and removing snapshot units. Previously,
both calls were only available on the Job and Snapshot
objects themselves.
* systemd-journal-gatewayd gained SSL support.
* The various "environment" files, such as /etc/locale.conf
now support continuation lines with a backslash ("\") as
last character in the line, similar in style (but different)
to how this is supported in shells.
* For normal user processes the _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT= field is
now implicitly appended to every log entry logged. systemctl
has been updated to filter by this field when operating on a
user systemd instance.
* nspawn will now implicitly add the CAP_AUDIT_WRITE and
CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL capabilities to the capabilities set for
the container. This makes it easier to boot unmodified
Fedora systems in a container, which however still requires
audit=0 to be passed on the kernel command line. Auditing in
kernel and userspace is unfortunately still too broken in
context of containers, hence we recommend compiling it out
of the kernel or using audit=0. Hopefully this will be fixed
one day for good in the kernel.
* nspawn gained the new --bind= and --bind-ro= parameters to
bind mount specific directories from the host into the
container.
* nspawn will now mount its own devpts file system instance
into the container, in order not to leak pty devices from
the host into the container.
* systemd will now read the firmware boot time performance
information from the EFI variables, if the used boot loader
supports this, and takes it into account for boot performance
analysis via "systemd-analyze". This is currently supported
only in conjunction with Gummiboot, but could be supported
by other boot loaders too. For details see:
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/BootLoaderInterface
* A new generator has been added that automatically mounts the
EFI System Partition (ESP) to /boot, if that directory
exists, is empty, and no other file system has been
configured to be mounted there.
* logind will now send out PrepareForSleep(false) out
unconditionally, after coming back from suspend. This may be
used by applications as asynchronous notification for
system resume events.
* "systemctl unlock-sessions" has been added, that allows
unlocking the screens of all user sessions at once, similar
how "systemctl lock-sessions" already locked all users
sessions. This is backed by a new D-Bus call UnlockSessions().
* "loginctl seat-status" will now show the master device of a
seat. (i.e. the device of a seat that needs to be around for
the seat to be considered available, usually the graphics
card).
* tmpfiles gained a new "X" line type, that allows
configuration of files and directories (with wildcards) that
shall be excluded from automatic cleanup ("aging").
* udev default rules set the device node permissions now only
at "add" events, and do not change them any longer with a
later "change" event.
* The log messages for lid events and power/sleep keypresses
now carry a message ID.
* We now have a substantially larger unit test suite, but this
continues to be work in progress.
* udevadm hwdb gained a new --root= parameter to change the
root directory to operate relative to.
* logind will now issue a background sync() request to the kernel
early at shutdown, so that dirty buffers are flushed to disk early
instead of at the last moment, in order to optimize shutdown
times a little.
* A new bootctl tool has been added that is an interface for
certain boot loader operations. This is currently a preview
and is likely to be extended into a small mechanism daemon
like timedated, localed, hostnamed, and can be used by
graphical UIs to enumerate available boot options, and
request boot into firmware operations.
* systemd-bootchart has been relicensed to LGPLv2.1+ to match
the rest of the package. It also has been updated to work
correctly in initrds.
* Policykit previously has been runtime optional, and is now
also compile time optional via a configure switch.
* systemd-analyze has been reimplemented in C. Also "systemctl
dot" has moved into systemd-analyze.
* "systemctl status" with no further parameters will now print
the status of all active or failed units.
* Operations such as "systemctl start" can now be executed
with a new mode "--irreversible" which may be used to queue
operations that cannot accidentally be reversed by a later
job queuing. This is by default used to make shutdown
requests more robust.
* The Python API of systemd now gained a new module for
reading journal files.
* A new tool kernel-install has been added that can install
kernel images according to the Boot Loader Specification:
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec
* Boot time console output has been improved to provide
animated boot time output for hanging jobs.
* A new tool systemd-activate has been added which can be used
to test socket activation with, directly from the command
line. This should make it much easier to test and debug
socket activation in daemons.
* journalctl gained a new "--reverse" (or -r) option to show
journal output in reverse order (i.e. newest line first).
* journalctl gained a new "--pager-end" (or -e) option to jump
to immediately jump to the end of the journal in the
pager. This is only supported in conjunction with "less".
* journalctl gained a new "--user-unit=" option, that works
similar to "--unit=" but filters for user units rather than
system units.
* A number of unit files to ease adoption of systemd in
initrds has been added. This moves some minimal logic from
the various initrd implementations into systemd proper.
* The journal files are now owned by a new group
"systemd-journal", which exists specifically to allow access
to the journal, and nothing else. Previously, we used the
"adm" group for that, which however possibly covers more
than just journal/log file access. This new group is now
already used by systemd-journal-gatewayd to ensure this
daemon gets access to the journal files and as little else
as possible. Note that "make install" will also set FS ACLs
up for /var/log/journal to give "adm" and "wheel" read
access to it, in addition to "systemd-journal" which owns
the journal files. We recommend that packaging scripts also
add read access to "adm" + "wheel" to /var/log/journal, and
all existing/future journal files. To normal users and
administrators little changes, however packagers need to
ensure to create the "systemd-journal" system group at
package installation time.
* The systemd-journal-gatewayd now runs as unprivileged user
systemd-journal-gateway:systemd-journal-gateway. Packaging
scripts need to create these system user/group at
installation time.
* timedated now exposes a new boolean property CanNTP that
indicates whether a local NTP service is available or not.
* systemd-detect-virt will now also detect xen PVs
* The pstore file system is now mounted by default, if it is
available.
* In addition to the SELinux and IMA policies we will now also
load SMACK policies at early boot.
Contributions from: Adel Gadllah, Aleksander Morgado, Auke
Kok, Ayan George, Bastien Nocera, Colin Walters, Daniel Buch,
Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss,
Eelco Dolstra, Enrico Scholz, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer,
Jan Janssen, Jonathan Callen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin
Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Max F. Albrecht, Michael Biebl, Michael
Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michal Vyskocil,
Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel Chen, Nestor
Ovroy, Oleksii Shevchuk, Paul W. Frields, Piotr Drąg, Rob
Clark, Ryan Lortie, Simon McVittie, Simon Peeters, Steven
Hiscocks, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom
Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, William Giokas, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak)
CHANGES WITH 197:
* Timer units now support calendar time events in addition to
monotonic time events. That means you can now trigger a unit
based on a calendar time specification such as "Thu,Fri
2013-*-1,5 11:12:13" which refers to 11:12:13 of the first
or fifth day of any month of the year 2013, given that it is
a thursday or friday. This brings timer event support
considerably closer to cron's capabilities. For details on
the supported calendar time specification language see
systemd.time(7).
* udev now supports a number of different naming policies for
network interfaces for predictable names, and a combination
of these policies is now the default. Please see this wiki
document for details:
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames
* Auke Kok's bootchart implementation has been added to the
systemd tree. It's an optional component that can graph the
boot in quite some detail. It's one of the best bootchart
implementations around and minimal in its code and
dependencies.
* nss-myhostname has been integrated into the systemd source
tree. nss-myhostname guarantees that the local hostname
always stays resolvable via NSS. It has been a weak
requirement of systemd-hostnamed since a long time, and
since its code is actually trivial we decided to just
include it in systemd's source tree. It can be turned off
with a configure switch.
* The read-ahead logic is now capable of properly detecting
whether a btrfs file system is on SSD or rotating media, in
order to optimize the read-ahead scheme. Previously, it was
only capable of detecting this on traditional file systems
such as ext4.
* In udev, additional device properties are now read from the
IAB in addition to the OUI database. Also, Bluetooth company
identities are attached to the devices as well.
* In service files %U may be used as specifier that is
replaced by the configured user name of the service.
* nspawn may now be invoked without a controlling TTY. This
makes it suitable for invocation as its own service. This
may be used to set up a simple containerized server system
using only core OS tools.
* systemd and nspawn can now accept socket file descriptors
when they are started for socket activation. This enables
implementation of socket activated nspawn
containers. i.e. think about autospawning an entire OS image
when the first SSH or HTTP connection is received. We expect
that similar functionality will also be added to libvirt-lxc
eventually.
* journalctl will now suppress ANSI color codes when
presenting log data.
* systemctl will no longer show control group information for
a unit if a the control group is empty anyway.
* logind can now automatically suspend/hibernate/shutdown the
system on idle.
* /etc/machine-info and hostnamed now also expose the chassis
type of the system. This can be used to determine whether
the local system is a laptop, desktop, handset or
tablet. This information may either be configured by the
user/vendor or is automatically determined from ACPI and DMI
information if possible.
* A number of PolicyKit actions are now bound together with
"imply" rules. This should simplify creating UIs because
many actions will now authenticate similar ones as well.
* Unit files learnt a new condition ConditionACPower= which
may be used to conditionalize a unit depending on whether an
AC power source is connected or not, of whether the system
is running on battery power.
* systemctl gained a new "is-failed" verb that may be used in
shell scripts and suchlike to check whether a specific unit
is in the "failed" state.
* The EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now supports file
globbing, and can hence be used to easily read a number of
environment files at once.
* systemd will no longer detect and recognize specific
distributions. All distribution-specific #ifdeffery has been
removed, systemd is now fully generic and
distribution-agnostic. Effectively, not too much is lost as
a lot of the code is still accessible via explicit configure
switches. However, support for some distribution specific
legacy configuration file formats has been dropped. We
recommend distributions to simply adopt the configuration
files everybody else uses now and convert the old
configuration from packaging scripts. Most distributions
already did that. If that's not possible or desirable,
distributions are welcome to forward port the specific
pieces of code locally from the git history.
* When logging a message about a unit systemd will now always
log the unit name in the message meta data.
* localectl will now also discover system locale data that is
not stored in locale archives, but directly unpacked.
* logind will no longer unconditionally use framebuffer
devices as seat masters, i.e. as devices that are required
to be existing before a seat is considered preset. Instead,
it will now look for all devices that are tagged as
"seat-master" in udev. By default framebuffer devices will
be marked as such, but depending on local systems other
devices might be marked as well. This may be used to
integrate graphics cards using closed source drivers (such
as NVidia ones) more nicely into logind. Note however, that
we recommend using the open source NVidia drivers instead,
and no udev rules for the closed-source drivers will be
shipped from us upstream.
Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alessandro Crismani, Auke
Kok, Colin Walters, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David
Herrmann, David Strauss, Dimitrios Apostolou, Eelco Dolstra,
Eric Benoit, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Henrik
Grindal Bakken, Hermann Gausterer, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann,
Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Biebl, Michael Terry,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Oleg
Samarin, Pekka Lundstrom, Philip Nilsson, Ramkumar
Ramachandra, Richard Yao, Robert Millan, Sami Kerola, Shawn
Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Jarosch,
Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 196:
* udev gained support for loading additional device properties
from an indexed database that is keyed by vendor/product IDs
and similar device identifiers. For the beginning this
"hwdb" is populated with data from the well-known PCI and
USB database, but also includes PNP, ACPI and OID data. In
the longer run this indexed database shall grow into
becoming the one central database for non-essential
userspace device metadata. Previously, data from the PCI/USB
database was only attached to select devices, since the
lookup was a relatively expensive operation due to O(n) time
complexity (with n being the number of entries in the
database). Since this is now O(1), we decided to add in this
data for all devices where this is available, by
default. Note that the indexed database needs to be rebuilt
when new data files are installed. To achieve this you need
to update your packaging scripts to invoke "udevadm hwdb
--update" after installation of hwdb data files. For
RPM-based distributions we introduced the new
%udev_hwdb_update macro for this purpose.
* The Journal gained support for the "Message Catalog", an
indexed database to link up additional information with
journal entries. For further details please check:
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog
The indexed message catalog database also needs to be
rebuilt after installation of message catalog files. Use
"journalctl --update-catalog" for this. For RPM-based
distributions we introduced the %journal_catalog_update
macro for this purpose.
* The Python Journal bindings gained support for the standard
Python logging framework.
* The Journal API gained new functions for checking whether
the underlying file system of a journal file is capable of
properly reporting file change notifications, or whether
applications that want to reflect journal changes "live"
need to recheck journal files continously in appropriate
time intervals.
* It is now possible to set the "age" field for tmpfiles
entries to 0, indicating that files matching this entry
shall always be removed when the directories are cleaned up.
* coredumpctl gained a new "gdb" verb which invokes gdb
right-away on the selected coredump.
* There's now support for "hybrid sleep" on kernels that
support this, in addition to "suspend" and "hibernate". Use
"systemctl hybrid-sleep" to make use of this.
* logind's HandleSuspendKey= setting (and related settings)
now gained support for a new "lock" setting to simply
request the screen lock on all local sessions, instead of
actually executing a suspend or hibernation.
* systemd will now mount the EFI variables file system by
default.
* Socket units now gained support for configuration of the
SMACK security label.
* timedatectl will now output the time of the last and next
daylight saving change.
* We dropped support for various legacy and distro-specific
concepts, such as insserv, early-boot SysV services
(i.e. those for non-standard runlevels such as 'b' or 'S')
or ArchLinux /etc/rc.conf support. We recommend the
distributions who still need support this to either continue
to maintain the necessary patches downstream, or find a
different solution. (Talk to us if you have questions!)
* Various systemd components will now bypass PolicyKit checks
for root and otherwise handle properly if PolicyKit is not
found to be around. This should fix most issues for
PolicyKit-less systems. Quite frankly this should have been
this way since day one. It is absolutely our intention to
make systemd work fine on PolicyKit-less systems, and we
consider it a bug if something doesn't work as it should if
PolicyKit is not around.
* For embedded systems it is now possible to build udev and
systemd without blkid and/or kmod support.
* "systemctl switch-root" is now capable of switching root
more than once. I.e. in addition to transitions from the
initrd to the host OS it is now possible to transition to
further OS images from the host. This is useful to implement
offline updating tools.
* Various other additions have been made to the RPM macros
shipped with systemd. Use %udev_rules_update() after
installing new udev rules files. %_udevhwdbdir,
%_udevrulesdir, %_journalcatalogdir, %_tmpfilesdir,
%_sysctldir are now available which resolve to the right
directories for packages to place various data files in.
* journalctl gained the new --full switch (in addition to
--all, to disable ellipsation for long messages.
Contributions from: Anders Olofsson, Auke Kok, Ben Boeckel,
Colin Walters, Cosimo Cecchi, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner,
Eelco Dolstra, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers,
Chun-Yi Lee, Lekensteyn, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Marti Raudsepp, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Michael Biebl,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nis Martensen,
Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Thomas
Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tony
Camuso, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 195:
* journalctl gained new --since= and --until= switches to
filter by time. It also now supports nice filtering for
units via --unit=/-u.
* Type=oneshot services may use ExecReload= and do the
right thing.
* The journal daemon now supports time-based rotation and
vacuuming, in addition to the usual disk-space based
rotation.
* The journal will now index the available field values for
each field name. This enables clients to show pretty drop
downs of available match values when filtering. The bash
completion of journalctl has been updated
accordingly. journalctl gained a new switch -F to list all
values a certain field takes in the journal database.
* More service events are now written as structured messages
to the journal, and made recognizable via message IDs.
* The timedated, localed and hostnamed mini-services which
previously only provided support for changing time, locale
and hostname settings from graphical DEs such as GNOME now
also have a minimal (but very useful) text-based client
utility each. This is probably the nicest way to changing
these settings from the command line now, especially since
it lists available options and is fully integrated with bash
completion.
* There's now a new tool "systemd-coredumpctl" to list and
extract coredumps from the journal.
* We now install a README each in /var/log/ and
/etc/rc.d/init.d explaining where the system logs and init
scripts went. This hopefully should help folks who go to
that dirs and look into the otherwise now empty void and
scratch their heads.
* When user-services are invoked (by systemd --user) the
$MANAGERPID env var is set to the PID of systemd.
* SIGRTMIN+24 when sent to a --user instance will now result
in immediate termination of systemd.
* gatewayd received numerous feature additions such as a
"follow" mode, for live syncing and filtering.
* browse.html now allows filtering and showing detailed
information on specific entries. Keyboard navigation and
mouse screen support has been added.
* gatewayd/journalctl now supports HTML5/JSON
Server-Sent-Events as output.
* The SysV init script compatibility logic will now
heuristically determine whether a script supports the
"reload" verb, and only then make this available as
"systemctl reload".
* "systemctl status --follow" has been removed, use "journalctl
-u" instead.
* journald.conf's RuntimeMinSize=, PersistentMinSize= settings
have been removed since they are hardly useful to be
configured.
* And I'd like to take the opportunity to specifically mention
Zbigniew for his great contributions. Zbigniew, you rock!
Contributions from: Andrew Eikum, Christian Hesse, Colin
Guthrie, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Ferenc
Wágner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas
Mikulėnas, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Michael Olbrich,
Michael Stapelberg, Michal Schmidt, Sebastian Ott, Thomas
Bächler, Umut Tezduyar, Will Woods, Wulf C. Krueger, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Сковорода Никита Андреевич
CHANGES WITH 194:
* If /etc/vconsole.conf is non-existent or empty we will no
longer load any console font or key map at boot by
default. Instead the kernel defaults will be left
intact. This is definitely the right thing to do, as no
configuration should mean no configuration, and hard-coding
font names that are different on all archs is probably a bad
idea. Also, the kernel default key map and font should be
good enough for most cases anyway, and mostly identical to
the userspace fonts/key maps we previously overloaded them
with. If distributions want to continue to default to a
non-kernel font or key map they should ship a default
/etc/vconsole.conf with the appropriate contents.
Contributions from: Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave
Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Tollef
Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 193:
* journalctl gained a new --cursor= switch to show entries
starting from the specified location in the journal.
* We now enforce a size limit on journal entry fields exported
with "-o json" in journalctl. Fields larger than 4K will be
assigned null. This can be turned off with --all.
* An (optional) journal gateway daemon is now available as
"systemd-journal-gatewayd.service". This service provides
access to the journal via HTTP and JSON. This functionality
will be used to implement live log synchronization in both
pull and push modes, but has various other users too, such
as easy log access for debugging of embedded devices. Right
now it is already useful to retrieve the journal via HTTP:
# systemctl start systemd-journal-gatewayd.service
# wget http://localhost:19531/entries
This will download the journal contents in a
/var/log/messages compatible format. The same as JSON:
# curl -H"Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries
This service is also accessible via a web browser where a
single static HTML5 app is served that uses the JSON logic
to enable the user to do some basic browsing of the
journal. This will be extended later on. Here's an example
screenshot of this app in its current state:
http://0pointer.de/public/journal-gatewayd
Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Robert
Milasan, Tom Gundersen
CHANGES WITH 192:
* The bash completion logic is now available for journalctl
too.
* We don't mount the "cpuset" controller anymore together with
"cpu" and "cpuacct", as "cpuset" groups generally cannot be
started if no parameters are assigned to it. "cpuset" hence
broke code that assumed it it could create "cpu" groups and
just start them.
* journalctl -f will now subscribe to terminal size changes,
and line break accordingly.
Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykrynm, Mirco Tischler, Václav Pavlín
CHANGES WITH 191:
* nspawn will now create a symlink /etc/localtime in the
container environment, copying the host's timezone
setting. Previously this has been done via a bind mount, but
since symlinks cannot be bind mounted this has now been
changed to create/update the appropriate symlink.
* journalctl -n's line number argument is now optional, and
will default to 10 if omitted.
* journald will now log the maximum size the journal files may
take up on disk. This is particularly useful if the default
built-in logic of determining this parameter from the file
system size is used. Use "systemctl status
systemd-journald.service" to see this information.
* The multi-seat X wrapper tool has been stripped down. As X
is now capable of enumerating graphics devices via udev in a
seat-aware way the wrapper is not strictly necessary
anymore. A stripped down temporary stop-gap is still shipped
until the upstream display managers have been updated to
fully support the new X logic. Expect this wrapper to be
removed entirely in one of the next releases.
* HandleSleepKey= in logind.conf has been split up into
HandleSuspendKey= and HandleHibernateKey=. The old setting
is not available anymore. X11 and the kernel are
distuingishing between these keys and we should too. This
also means the inhibition lock for these keys has been split
into two.
Contributions from: Dave Airlie, Eelco Dolstra, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Václav Pavlín
CHANGES WITH 190:
* Whenever a unit changes state we'll now log this to the
journal and show along the unit's own log output in
"systemctl status".
* ConditionPathIsMountPoint= can now properly detect bind
mount points too. (Previously, a bind mount of one file
system to another place in the same file system could not be
detected as mount, since they shared struct stat's st_dev
field.)
* We will now mount the cgroup controllers cpu, cpuacct,
cpuset and the controllers net_cls, net_prio together by
default.
* nspawn containers will now have a virtualized boot
ID. (i.e. /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id is now mounted
over with a randomized ID at container initialization). This
has the effect of making "journalctl -b" do the right thing
in a container.
* The JSON output journal serialization has been updated not
to generate "endless" list objects anymore, but rather one
JSON object per line. This is more in line how most JSON
parsers expect JSON objects. The new output mode
"json-pretty" has been added to provide similar output, but
neatly aligned for readability by humans.
* We dropped all explicit sync() invocations in the shutdown
code. The kernel does this implicitly anyway in the kernel
reboot() syscall. halt(8)'s -n option is now a compatibility
no-op.
* We now support virtualized reboot() in containers, as
supported by newer kernels. We will fall back to exit() if
CAP_SYS_REBOOT is not available to the container. Also,
nspawn makes use of this now and will actually reboot the
container if the containerized OS asks for that.
* journalctl will only show local log output by default
now. Use --merge (-m) to show remote log output, too.
* libsystemd-journal gained the new sd_journal_get_usage()
call to determine the current disk usage of all journal
files. This is exposed in the new "journalctl --disk-usage"
command.
* journald gained a new configuration setting SplitMode= in
journald.conf which may be used to control how user journals
are split off. See journald.conf(5) for details.
* A new condition type ConditionFileNotEmpty= has been added.
* tmpfiles' "w" lines now support file globbing, to write
multiple files at once.
* We added Python bindings for the journal submission
APIs. More Python APIs for a number of selected APIs will
likely follow. Note that we intend to add native bindings
only for the Python language, as we consider it common
enough to deserve bindings shipped within systemd. There are
various projects outside of systemd that provide bindings
for languages such as PHP or Lua.
* Many conditions will now resolve specifiers such as %i. In
addition, PathChanged= and related directives of .path units
now support specifiers as well.
* There's now a new RPM macro definition for the system preset
dir: %_presetdir.
* journald will now warn if it can't foward a message to the
syslog daemon because it's socket is full.
* timedated will no longer write or process /etc/timezone,
except on Debian. As we do not support late mounted /usr
anymore /etc/localtime always being a symlink is now safe,
and hence the information in /etc/timezone is not necessary
anymore.
* logind will now always reserve one VT for a text getty (VT6
by default). Previously if more than 6 X sessions where
started they took up all the VTs with auto-spawned gettys,
so that no text gettys were available anymore.
* udev will now automatically inform the btrfs kernel logic
about btrfs RAID components showing up. This should make
simple hotplug based btrfs RAID assembly work.
* PID 1 will now increase its RLIMIT_NOFILE to 64K by default
(but not for its children which will stay at the kernel
default). This should allow setups with a lot more listening
sockets.
* systemd will now always pass the configured timezone to the
kernel at boot. timedated will do the same when the timezone
is changed.
* logind's inhibition logic has been updated. By default,
logind will now handle the lid switch, the power and sleep
keys all the time, even in graphical sessions. If DEs want
to handle these events on their own they should take the new
handle-power-key, handle-sleep-key and handle-lid-switch
inhibitors during their runtime. A simple way to achiveve
that is to invoke the DE wrapped in an invocation of:
systemd-inhibit --what=handle-power-key:handle-sleep-key:handle-lid-switch ...
* Access to unit operations is now checked via SELinux taking
the unit file label and client process label into account.
* systemd will now notify the administrator in the journal
when he over-mounts a non-empty directory.
* There are new specifiers that are resolved in unit files,
for the host name (%H), the machine ID (%m) and the boot ID
(%b).
Contributions from: Allin Cottrell, Auke Kok, Brandon Philips,
Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner,
Eelco Dolstra, Jan Engelhardt, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Martin Pitt, Matthias Clasen, Michael Olbrich, Pierre Schmitz,
Shawn Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen,
Václav Pavlín, Yin Kangkai, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 189:
* Support for reading structured kernel messages from
/dev/kmsg has now been added and is enabled by default.
* Support for reading kernel messages from /proc/kmsg has now
been removed. If you want kernel messages in the journal
make sure to run a recent kernel (>= 3.5) that supports
reading structured messages from /dev/kmsg (see
above). /proc/kmsg is now exclusive property of classic
syslog daemons again.
* The libudev API gained the new
udev_device_new_from_device_id() call.
* The logic for file system namespace (ReadOnlyDirectory=,
ReadWriteDirectoy=, PrivateTmp=) has been reworked not to
require pivot_root() anymore. This means fewer temporary