osh.1

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.TH OSH 1 "@OSH_DATE@" "@OSH_VERSION@" "General Commands"
.SH NAME
osh \- old shell (command interpreter)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B osh
[\fB\-v\fR]
[\fB\-\fR |
\fB\-c\fR [\fIstring\fR] |
\fB\-i\fR |
\fB\-l\fR |
\fB\-t\fR |
\fIfile\fR [\fIarg1 ...\fR]]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Osh
is an enhanced,
backward-compatible port of the
standard command interpreter from Sixth Edition UNIX.
It may be used either as an interactive shell
or as a non-interactive shell.
Throughout this manual,
`(+)' indicates those cases where
.B osh
is known to differ from the original
.IR sh (1),
as it appeared in Sixth Edition UNIX.
.PP
The options are as follows:
.TP
.B \-
The shell reads and executes command lines
from the standard input until
end-of-file or
.BR exit .
.TP
\fB\-c\fR [\fIstring\fR]
If a
.I string
is specified,
the shell executes it
as a command line and exits.
Otherwise,
the shell treats it as the
.B \-
option.
.TP
.B \-i
(+)
The shell behaves as an interactive shell
by reading and executing commands from the
appropriate rc files if possible
(see
.I "Startup and shutdown"
below)
before prompting the user, reading, and
executing command lines from the standard input.
The shell prints a diagnostic and exits with a
non-zero status if it is not connected to a terminal.
.TP
.B \-l
(+)
The shell behaves as a login shell
by reading and executing commands from the
appropriate rc files if possible
(see
.I "Startup and shutdown"
below)
before prompting the user, reading, and
executing command lines from the standard input.
The shell prints a diagnostic and exits with a
non-zero status if it is not connected to a terminal.
.TP
.B \-t
The shell reads a single command line
from the standard input,
executes it,
and exits.
.TP
.B \-v
(+)
The shell verbosely prints the words
of each command line to the standard error
after performing parameter substitution
and word splitting,
but before executing the resulting command line.
.PP
The shell may also be invoked non-interactively
to read, interpret, and execute a command file.
The specified
.I file
and any arguments
are treated as positional parameters
(see
.I "Parameter substitution"
below)
during execution of the command file.
.PP
Otherwise,
if no arguments except for
.B \-v
are specified and if both
the standard input and standard error are
connected to a terminal,
the shell is interactive.
An interactive shell prompts the user
with a `%\ ' (or `#\ ' for the superuser)
before reading each command line from the terminal.
.PP
(+) When an interactive shell starts,
it reads and executes commands
from the appropriate rc files if possible
(see
.I "Startup and shutdown"
below)
before reading and executing command lines
from the terminal.
.SS Metacharacters
A
.I "syntactic metacharacter"
is any one of the following:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB|\fR
\fB^\fR
\fB;\fR
\fB&\fR
\fB(\fR
\fB)\fR
\fB<\fR
\fB>\fR
\fBspace\fR
\fBtab\fR
.RE
.PP
When such a character is unquoted,
it has special meaning to the shell.
The shell uses it to separate words
(see
.I Commands
and
.I "Command\ lines"
below).
A
.I "quoting metacharacter"
is any one of the following:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB"\fR
\fB'\fR
\fB\\\fR
.RE
.PP
See
.I "Quoting"
below.
The
.I "substitution metacharacter"
is a:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB$\fR
.RE
.PP
See
.I "Parameter substitution"
and
.I "Variable substitution"
below.
Finally,
a
.I "pattern metacharacter"
is any one of the following:
.PP
.RS 6
\fB*\fR
\fB?\fR
\fB[\fR
.RE
.PP
See
.I "File name generation"
below.
.SS Commands
Each command is a sequence of non-blank command arguments,
or words,
separated by one or more blanks (\fBspaces\fR or \fBtabs\fR).
The first argument specifies the name of a command to be executed.
Except for certain special arguments described below,
the arguments other than the command name are passed
without interpretation to the invoked command.
.PP
If the first argument names a special command,
the shell executes it (see
.I "Special\ commands"
below).
(+) Otherwise,
the shell treats it either as an alias
(see
.I "Aliases"
below)
or as an external command,
which is located as follows.
.PP
(+) If the command name contains no `/' characters,
the sequence of directories in the environment variable PATH
is searched for the first occurrence
of an executable file by that name,
which the shell attempts to execute.
However,
if the command name contains one or more `/' characters,
the shell attempts to execute it without
performing any PATH search.
.PP
(+) If an executable file does not begin with
the proper magic number or a `#!shell' sequence,
it is assumed to be a shell command file,
and a new shell is automatically invoked to execute it.
The environment variable EXECSHELL
specifies the shell which is invoked
to execute such a file.
.PP
If a command cannot be found or executed,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Command lines
Commands separated by \fB|\fR or \fB^\fR constitute a chain of
.IR filters ,
or a
.IR pipeline .
The standard output of each command but the last
is taken as the standard input of the next command.
Each command is run as a separate process, connected
by pipes (see
.IR pipe (2))
to its neighbors.
.PP
A
.IR "command\ line" ,
or
.IR list ,
consists of one or more pipelines separated,
and perhaps terminated by \fB;\fR or \fB&\fR.
The semicolon designates sequential execution.
The ampersand designates asynchronous execution,
which causes the preceding pipeline to be executed
without waiting for it to finish.
The process ID of each command in such a pipeline is reported,
so that it may be used if necessary for a subsequent
.IR kill (1).
.PP
A list contained within parentheses such as
.BI ( \ list \ )
is executed in a subshell and may appear
in place of a simple command as a filter.
.PP
If a command line is syntactically incorrect,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Termination reporting
All terminations other than exit and interrupt
are considered to be abnormal.
If a sequential process terminates abnormally,
a message is printed.
The termination report for an asynchronous process
is given upon execution of the first
sequential command subsequent to its termination,
or when the
.B wait
special command is executed.
The following is a list of the possible
termination messages:
.PP
.nf
	Hangup
	Quit
	Illegal instruction
	Trace/BPT trap
	IOT trap
	EMT trap
	Floating exception
	Killed
	Bus error
	Memory fault
	Bad system call
	Broken pipe (+)
.fi
.PP
For an asynchronous process,
its process ID is prepended to the appropriate message.
If a core image is produced,
`\ \-\-\ Core\ dumped' is appended
to the appropriate message.
.SS I/O redirection
Each of the following argument forms
is interpreted as a
.I redirection
by the shell itself.
Such a redirection may appear anywhere among
the arguments of a simple command,
or before or after a parenthesized command list,
and is associated with that command or command list.
.PP
A redirection of the form \fB<\fR\fIarg\fR causes the file \fIarg\fR
to be used as the standard input (file descriptor 0)
for the associated command.
.PP
A redirection of the form \fB>\fR\fIarg\fR causes the file \fIarg\fR
to be used as the standard output (file descriptor 1)
for the associated command.
If \fIarg\fR does not already exist, it is created;
otherwise, it is truncated at the outset.
.PP
A redirection of the form \fB>>\fR\fIarg\fR is the same as \fB>\fR\fIarg\fR,
except if \fIarg\fR already exists the command output is
always appended to the end of the file.
.PP
For example, either of the following command lines:
.PP
.nf
	% date >.dirlist ; pwd >>.dirlist ; ls \-l >>.dirlist
	% ( date ; pwd ; ls \-l ) >.dirlist
.fi
.PP
creates on the file `.dirlist',
the current date and time,
followed by the name and a long listing
of the current working directory.
.PP
(+) A \fB<\-\fR redirection causes input
for the associated command to be redirected
from the standard input which existed when
the shell was invoked.
This allows a command file to be used as a filter.
.PP
A \fB>\fR\fIarg\fR or \fB>>\fR\fIarg\fR redirection associated with any
but the last command of a pipeline is ineffectual,
as is a \fB<\fR\fIarg\fR redirection with any but the first.
.PP
The standard error (file descriptor 2)
is never subject to redirection by the shell itself.
Thus,
commands may write diagnostics to a location
where they have a chance to be seen.
However,
.B fd2
provides a way to redirect the diagnostic output
to another location.
.PP
If the file for a redirection cannot be opened or created,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Quoting
The shell treats all
.I single
(\fB'\fR)
and
.I backslash
(\fB\\\fR)
.I quoted
characters literally,
including characters which have
special meaning to the shell
(see
.I Metacharacters
above).
If such characters are quoted,
they represent themselves and may be passed
as part of arguments.
.PP
(+) Like the quoting behavior described above,
.I double
(\fB"\fR) quotes
cause the shell to treat characters literally.
However,
double quotes also allow the shell to perform
parameter and variable substitution
via the dollar (\fB$\fR) metacharacter,
whereas
.I single
(\fB'\fR) quotes
and
.I backslash
(\fB\\\fR) quotes
do not.
.PP
Individual characters, and sequences of characters,
are quoted when enclosed by a matched pair of
.I double
(\fB"\fR) or
.I single
(\fB'\fR) quotes.
For example:
.PP
.nf
	% awk '{ print NR "\\t" $0 }' README ^ more
.fi
.PP
causes
.IR awk (1)
to write each line from the `README' file,
preceded by its line number and a tab,
to the standard output which is piped to
.IR more (1)
for viewing.
The outer single quotes prevent the shell from trying
to interpret any part of the string,
which is then passed as a single argument to awk.
.PP
An individual
.I backslash
(\fB\\\fR) quotes,
or
.IR escapes ,
the next individual character.
A backslash followed by a newline is a special case
which allows continuation of command-line input
onto the next line.
Each backslash-newline sequence in the input
is translated into a blank.
.PP
If a double or single quote appears
but is not part of a matched pair,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS Parameter substitution
When the shell is invoked with arguments besides
.BR \-v ,
it has additional string processing capabilities
which are not otherwise available.
Such a shell may be invoked as follows:
.PP
.nf
	\fBosh\fR [\fB\-v\fR] \fIname\fR [\fIarg1 ...\fR]
.fi
.PP
If the first character of
.I name
is not
.BR \- ,
it is taken as the name of a
.IR "command file" ,
or
.IR "shell script" ,
which is opened as the standard input
for a new shell instance.
Thus,
the new shell reads and interprets command lines
from the named file.
.PP
Otherwise,
.I name
is taken as one of the shell options,
and a new shell instance is invoked
to read and interpret command lines
from its standard input.
However,
notice that the
.B \-c
option followed by a
.I string
is the one case where
the shell does not read and interpret command lines
from its standard input.
Instead,
the string itself is taken as a command line
and executed.
.PP
In each command line,
an unquoted character sequence of the form \fB$\fR\fIN\fR,
where
.I N
is a digit,
is treated as a
.I "positional parameter"
by the shell.
Each occurrence of a positional parameter in the
command line is substituted with the value of the
\fIN\fRth argument to the invocation of the shell
(\fIargN\fR).
\fB$\fR\fI0\fR is substituted with
.IR name .
.PP
In all shell instances,
\fB$$\fR is substituted with the process ID of
the current shell.
The value is represented as a 5-digit ASCII string,
padded on the left with zeros when the process ID
is less than 10000.
.PP
(+) All shell instances attempt to set
the special parameters in the following list.
`(*)' indicates those which are always set.
Otherwise,
the parameter is unset when the shell
cannot determine its value.
.TP 10
\fB$\fR\fI#\fR (*)
The number of positional parameters currently available
to the shell.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fI*\fR
The values of the positional parameters currently available
to the shell, from \fB$\fR\fI1\fR through the end of its argument list.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fI?\fR (*)
The exit status of the last sequential command from the
.I previous
command line.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fId\fR
The value of the environment variable OSHDIR.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fIe\fR
The value of the environment variable EXECSHELL.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fIh\fR
The value of the environment variable HOME.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fIm\fR
The value of the environment variable MANPATH.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fIp\fR
The value of the environment variable PATH.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fIt\fR
The terminal name with which the standard input
was associated when the shell was invoked,
as determined by
.IR ttyname (3).
The value (if any) is equivalent to that
given by `tty\ <\-'.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fIu\fR
The effective user name of the current user,
as determined by
.IR getpwuid (3).
The value (if any) is equivalent to that
given by `id\ \-un'.
.TP
\fB$\fR\fIv\fR (*)
The version of the current shell represented
as a one-word, read-only string.
The
.B version
special command is another option (see
.B version
in
.I "Special\ commands"
below).
.PP
All substitution on a command line is performed
.I before
the line is interpreted.
Thus,
no action which alters the value of any parameter
can have any effect on a reference to that parameter
occurring on the
.I same
line.
.PP
A positional-parameter value may contain
any number of metacharacters.
Each one which is
.IR unquoted ,
or
.IR unescaped ,
within a positional-parameter value retains
its special meaning when the value is substituted
in a command line by the invoked shell.
.PP
Take the following two shell invocations for example:
.PP
.nf
	% osh \-c '$1' 'echo Hello World! >/dev/null'
	% osh \-c '$1' 'echo Hello World! \\>/dev/null'
	Hello World! >/dev/null
.fi
.PP
In the first invocation,
the \fB>\fR in the value substituted by \fB$\fR\fI1\fR
retains its special meaning.
This causes all output from
.B echo
to be redirected to \fI/dev/null\fR.
However,
in the second invocation,
the meaning of \fB>\fR is
.I escaped
by \fB\\\fR
in the value substituted by \fB$\fR\fI1\fR.
This causes the shell to pass `>/dev/null'
as a single argument to echo instead of interpreting
it as a redirection.
.SS Variable substitution (+)
The shell can substitute simple variables set by the user.
A user may cause the shell to set and unset
variables by using the
.B set
and
.B unset
special commands.
.PP
A variable consists of a name,
a single ASCII character,
which matches
either the [A-Z] range
or the [a-cfgi-lnoq-sw-z] range,
inclusive.
A variable must also contain a value set by the user.
.PP
Variables may be used both in interactive shells
and in non-interactive shells.
However,
notice that variables are not functional
when a non-interactive shell is invoked
either with the
.B \-c
option followed by a
.I string
or with the
.B \-t
option.
Such a shell only executes one command line,
but setting and using a variable requires
executing two command lines in the same shell,
one to set it and one to use it.
.PP
Three examples of variable usage follow:
.PP
.nf
	% : Example One
	% unset C
	% set C
	% if $? -eq 1 -a X"$C" = XC echo 'C is unset.'
	C is unset.

	% : Example Two
	% set C ''
	% ( set C ) >/dev/null
	% if $? -eq 0 -a X"$C" = X echo 'C == "'"$C"'"'
	C == ""
	% set H 'Hello ' ; set W 'World!'
	% if X"$H$W" != X -a X"$H$W" != XHW echo "$H$W"
	Hello World!

	% : Example Three
	% alias now "date '+%A, %Y-%m-%d, %T %Z';:"
	% alias loadavg "uname -n|sed 's/\\([^.]*\\).*/\\1/'|tr -d \\\\n;\\
	  echo \-n ': ';uptime|sed 's/^.*user[s,][ ,] *//';:"
	% set C '( now ; loadavg )' ; : 'C == Command Line (or List)'
	% ( set C ) >/dev/null
	% if $? -eq 0 -a X"$C" != X echo "C == `$C'"
	C == `( now ; loadavg )'
	% $C | awk '{ print NR "\\t" $0 }'
	1	Wednesday, 2012-05-23, 19:03:59 UTC
	2	serenity: load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.05
.fi
.PP
As with parameters
(see
.I "Parameter substitution"
above),
all substitution on a command line is performed
.I before
the line is interpreted.
Thus,
no action which alters the value of any variable
can have any effect on a reference to that variable
occurring on the
.I same
line.
.PP
Also,
a variable value may contain
any number of metacharacters.
Each one which is
.IR unquoted ,
or
.IR unescaped ,
within a variable value retains
its special meaning when the value
is substituted in a command line.
.PP
If a variable name passed as an argument to
.B set
or
.B unset
is invalid,
a diagnostic is printed.
Similarly,
if a variable value causes an error,
a diagnostic is printed.
.SS File name generation
Prior to executing a command,
the shell scans each argument for
unquoted \fB*\fR, \fB?\fR, or \fB[\fR characters.
If one or more of these characters appears,
the argument is treated as a
.I pattern
and causes the shell to search for file names which
.I match
it.
Otherwise,
the argument is used as is.
.PP
The meaning of each pattern character is as follows:
.IP o 4
The \fB*\fR character in a pattern matches any string of
characters in a file name (including the null string).
.IP o
The \fB?\fR character in a pattern matches any single character
in a file name.
.IP o
The \fB[...]\fR brackets in a pattern specifies a class of characters
which matches any single file-name character in the class.
Within the brackets,
each character is taken to be a member of the class.
A pair of characters separated by an unquoted \fB\-\fR specifies
the class as a range which matches each character lexically
between the first and second member of the pair, inclusive.
A \fB\-\fR matches itself when quoted or when first or last
in the class.
.PP
Any other character in a pattern matches itself in a file name.
.PP
Notice that the `.' character at the beginning of a file name,
or immediately following a `/',
is always special in that it must be matched explicitly.
The same is true of the `/' character itself.
.PP
If the pattern contains no `/' characters,
the current directory is always used.
Otherwise,
the specified directory is the one obtained by taking the pattern
up to the last `/' before the first unquoted \fB*\fR, \fB?\fR, or \fB[\fR.
The matching process matches the remainder of the pattern
after this `/' against the files in the specified directory.
.PP
In any event,
a list of file names is obtained from the current
(or specified) directory which match the given pattern.
This list is sorted in ascending ASCII order,
and the new sequence of arguments
replaces the given pattern.
The same process is carried out for each
of the given pattern arguments;
the resulting lists are
.I not
merged.
Finally,
the shell
attempts to execute the command
with the resulting argument list.
.PP
If a pattern argument refers to
a directory which cannot be opened,
a `No\ directory' diagnostic is printed.
.PP
If a command has only
.I one
pattern argument,
a `No\ match' diagnostic is printed if it fails
to match any files.
However,
if a command has more than one pattern argument,
a diagnostic is printed only when they
.I all
fail to match any files.
Otherwise,
each pattern argument failing to match
any files is removed from the argument list.
.SS Startup and shutdown (+)
If the first character of the argv[0] used to
invoke an interactive shell is `\-' (e.g.,\ \-osh),
it is a login shell and tries to read and execute commands
from the following four rc init files in sequence:
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.login ,
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.oshrc ,
.IR $h/.osh.login ,
and
.IR $h/.oshrc .
The same is true when the shell is invoked with the
.B \-l
option,
regardless of the value of argv[0].
.PP
In the case where an interactive shell is not
a login shell according to its argv[0],
it tries to read and execute commands
from the following two rc init files in sequence:
.I @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.oshrc
and
.IR $h/.oshrc .
The same is true when the shell is invoked with the
.B \-i
option,
regardless of the value of argv[0].
.PP
In any case,
after the shell finishes its startup actions,
it then prompts the user, reads, and executes
command lines from the standard input as usual.
.PP
If the shell is invoked as a login shell,
it tries to read and execute commands from
.I @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.logout
and
.I $h/.osh.logout
in sequence upon logout.
These two rc logout files may be used if necessary
for cleanup upon termination of a login session by
an EOT (see
.I "End of file"
below)
or a SIGHUP signal (see
.I "Signals"
below).
.PP
Notice that
the shell only performs the startup and shutdown actions
described above for readable, regular rc files.
If any rc file is
.I not
readable,
the shell ignores it and continues as normal.
If any rc file is
.I not
a regular file (or a link to a regular file),
the shell ignores it, prints a diagnostic,
and continues as normal.
.PP
In the normal case,
a SIGINT or SIGQUIT signal received by the shell
during execution of any rc file causes
it to cease execution of that file
without terminating.
Thus,
it may be desirable to use the
.B trap
special command to ignore these
and other signals in some cases.
For example,
this is particularly true for
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.login ,
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.oshrc ,
and
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.logout .
.PP
The
.B exit
special command
always causes the shell to terminate if it occurs
in any rc file.
.SS History file (+)
If the shell is invoked as an interactive shell,
it tries to open the
.I $h/.osh.history
file to save the user's command-line history.
Notice that the history file must already exist
as a writable,
regular file (or a link to a regular file)
when the shell is invoked to save
the user's command-line history.
Otherwise,
it will not do so.
.PP
An interactive shell reads each command line from
its terminal and writes the words of each one to
the history file as a history entry after performing
parameter substitution and word splitting.
.PP
The shell does not read the history file or have any features
that allow the user to make direct use of the saved history.
Such features are available via standard external commands
and also via the
.I history
command file that is available in the v6scripts collection.
See http://v6shell.org/v6scripts/history.osh for full details.
.PP
Notice that the shell never creates or removes the
.I $h/.osh.history
file.
It always leaves these actions to the user.
For example:
.PP
.nf
	% history -r ; history -c ; exec osh -l
.fi
.PP
causes
.I history
to remove the existing history file (if any),
to create a new (empty) one, and causes
the current shell to replace itself with
a new login shell,
while opening the new history file.
This,
and future,
interactive shells then save the user's
command-line history as long as
the history file exists.
.PP
If desired,
the user can use the history file to repeat
any command line as a command substitution with
.IR sed (1)
and
.BR osh .
Taking the following command line
and history entry for example:
.PP
.nf
	% history -n 3126
	Number	Command Line
	------	------------
	3126		uname -s | \\
			if { fd2 -ef/dev/null egrep '(Darwin|Linux|NetBSD)' } \\
			echo 'Running on GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, or NetBSD.'
.fi
.PP
and then doing a:
.PP
.nf
	% sed -n 3126p <$h/.osh.history | osh
	Running on GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, or NetBSD.
.fi
.PP
causes sed to output the 3126th command line from
the history file via pipe for repetition as a
command substitution by osh.
.SS Aliases (+)
The shell can interpret command aliases set by the user.
A user may cause the shell to set, print, and unset
command aliases by using the
.B alias
and
.B unalias
special commands.
.PP
A command alias is a string that substitutes
for a given command alias name set by the user.
Command aliases provide a simple way to represent
complex, long, or often-used commands
as simple command names.
Thus,
if the first argument names an existing command alias,
its alias string substitutes for the command alias name.
Any remaining arguments are appended to the argument list.
.PP
Aliases may be used both in interactive shells
and in non-interactive shells.
However,
notice that aliases are not functional
when a non-interactive shell is invoked
either with the
.B \-c
option followed by a
.I string
or with the
.B \-t
option.
Such a shell only executes one command line,
but setting and using an alias requires
executing two command lines in the same shell,
one to set it and one to execute it.
.PP
The shell parses each alias in a command line
into a list of words from left to right,
wraps it as a
\fB(\fR\ \fIlist\fR\ \fB)\fR,
re-parses it while parsing any nested aliases
(up to three deep),
and executes the resulting alias in a subshell
on success.
Three examples of alias usage follow:
.PP
.nf
	% : Example One
	% alias s 'echo $?;:' ; alias status 's'
	% alias s ; alias status
	(echo $?;:)
	(s)
	% false
	% status
	1

	% : Example Two
	% alias ll 'ls \-AlF'
	% alias ll
	(ls \-AlF)
	% ll \-d [A\-Z]* | wc \-l | tr \-d ' \\t'
	10

	% : Example Three
	% alias loadavg "uname \-n|sed 's/\\([^.]*\\).*/\\1/'|tr -d \\\\n;\\
	  echo \-n ': ';uptime|sed 's/^.*user[s,][ ,] *//';:"
	% alias loadavg
	(uname \-n|sed 's/\\([^.]*\\).*/\\1/'|tr -d \\\\n;\\
	 echo \-n ': ';uptime|sed 's/^.*user[s,][ ,] *//';:)
	% loadavg | awk '{ print NR "\\t" $0 }'
	1       serenity: load average: 0.49 0.39 0.29
.fi
.PP
If an alias,
or its parsed result in a command line,
is syntactically incorrect,
a diagnostic is printed.
If an alias loop occurs,
an `Alias\ loop\ error' diagnostic is printed.
.SS End of file
An end-of-file in the shell's input
causes it to exit.
If the shell is interactive,
this means it exits by default when
the user types an EOT (^D) at the prompt.
If desired,
the user may change or disable
the end-of-file character with
.IR stty (1).
.SS Special commands
The shell treats the following built-in commands specially.
.TP
\fB:\fR [\fIarg ...\fR]
Does nothing and sets the exit status to zero.
.TP
\fBalias\fR [\fIname\fR [\fIstring\fR]] (+)
Sets the alias \fIname\fR to \fIstring\fR in the current shell
if both \fIname\fR and \fIstring\fR are specified.
Prints the current value of the alias \fIname\fR's string
if \fIname\fR is specified and set in the current shell.
Prints the name and string of each alias set in
the current shell if no arguments are specified.
.TP
\fBcd\fR [\fIdir ...\fR] (+)
Is a synonym for the
.B chdir
special command.
.TP
\fBchdir\fR [\fIdir ...\fR]
Changes the shell's current working directory to
.IR dir .
(+) If
.I dir
is an unquoted \fB-\fR,
the shell's previous working directory is used instead.
Otherwise,
if
.I dir
is not specified,
the user's home directory is used by default.
.TP
\fBecho\fR [\fB\-n\fR] [\fIstring ...\fR] (+)
Writes its string arguments (if any) separated by blanks
and terminated by a newline to the standard output.
If \fB\-n\fR is specified, the terminating newline is not written.
.TP
\fBexec\fR \fIcommand\fR [\fIarg ...\fR] (+)
Replaces the current shell with an instance of
.IR command ,
which must be external to the shell.
.TP
.B exit
Causes the shell to cease execution of a file.
This means exit has no effect at the prompt
of an interactive shell.
.TP
\fBfd2\fR [\fB\-e\fR] [\fB\-f\fR \fIfile\fR] [\fB\-\-\fR] \fIcommand\fR [\fIarg ...\fR] (+)
Redirects from/to file descriptor 2 for
.IR command .
See the
.IR fd2 (1)
manual page for full details.
.TP
\fBgoto\fR \fIlabel\fR [\fI...\fR] (+)
Transfers shell control to the `\fB:\fR \fIlabel\fR' line
of the current command file.
See the
.IR goto (1)
manual page for full details.
.TP
\fBif\fR [\fIexpression\fR [\fIcommand\fR [\fIarg ...\fR]]] (+)
Evaluates
.IR expression ,
conditionally executes
.IR command ,
and sets the exit status to zero or non-zero
as appropriate.
See the
.IR if (1)
manual page for full details.
.TP
\fBlogin\fR [\fIarg ...\fR]
Replaces the current interactive shell with
.IR login (1).
.TP
\fBnewgrp\fR [\fIarg ...\fR]
Replaces the current interactive shell with
.IR newgrp (1).
.TP
\fBset\fR [\fIname\fR [\fIvalue\fR]] (+)
Sets the variable \fIname\fR to the string \fIvalue\fR in the
current shell if both \fIname\fR and \fIvalue\fR are specified.
Prints the current value of variable \fIname\fR
if \fIname\fR is specified and set in the current shell.
Prints the name and value of each variable set in
the current shell if no arguments are specified.
.TP
\fBsetenv\fR \fIname\fR \fIvalue\fR (+)
Sets the environment variable \fIname\fR to
the string \fIvalue\fR.
.TP
.B shift
Shifts all positional-parameter values to the
left by 1,
so that the old value of \fB$\fR\fI2\fR becomes the new
value of \fB$\fR\fI1\fR and so forth.
The value of \fB$\fR\fI0\fR does not shift.
.TP
\fB.\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIarg1 ...\fR] (+)
Is a synonym for the
.B source
special command.
.TP
\fBsource\fR \fIfile\fR [\fIarg1 ...\fR] (+)
Causes the shell to read and execute commands
from the specified \fIfile\fR and return.

If the file name contains no `/' characters,
the sequence of directories in the environment
variable PATH is searched for the first occurrence
of a file by that name.
However,
if the file name contains one or more `/' characters,
the shell attempts to source it without performing
any PATH search.
Notice that the file does not need to be executable.

The file and any arguments
are treated as positional parameters
(see
.I "Parameter substitution"
above)
during execution of the file.
The source command may be nested.
As with command files,
most shell-detected errors cause the shell
to cease execution of the file.
If the source command is nested and
such an error occurs,
all nested source commands terminate.
.TP
\fBtrap\fR [\fB''\fR | \fB\-\fR \fIsignal_number ...\fR] (+)
\fB''\fR (empty string) causes the specified signals
to be ignored if possible,
and \fB\-\fR causes the specified signals
to be reset to the default action if possible.
If a signal was already ignored when
the shell was invoked,
it can never be reset with \fB-\fR.
If no arguments are specified,
a list is printed of those signals which
are ignored by trap in the current shell context.
.TP
\fBumask\fR [\fImask\fR] (+)
Sets the file creation mask (see
.IR umask (2))
to the octal value specified by
.IR mask .
If the mask is not specified,
its current value is printed.
.TP
\fBunalias\fR \fIname\fR (+)
Removes the alias \fIname\fR from the current shell.
.TP
\fBunset\fR \fIname\fR (+)
Removes the variable \fIname\fR from the current shell.
.TP
\fBunsetenv\fR \fIname\fR (+)
Removes the variable \fIname\fR from the environment.
.TP
.B version
Prints the version and the build system
of the current shell.
This information comes from \fB$\fR\fIv\fR
and from the build-time output
of `uname\ \-srm' (see
.IR uname (1)).
.TP
.B wait
Waits for all asynchronous processes to terminate,
reporting on abnormal terminations.
.SS Signals (+)
An interactive or login shell always ignores
the SIGINT, SIGQUIT, and SIGTERM signals (see
.IR signal (3)).
A login shell also handles the SIGHUP signal,
the receipt of which causes the shell to terminate
the login session and to read and execute
its rc logout files if possible.
.PP
If SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT, or SIGTERM is already ignored
when the shell starts,
it is also ignored by the current shell and all of its
child processes.
Otherwise,
SIGINT and SIGQUIT are reset to the
default action for sequential child processes,
whereas SIGHUP and SIGTERM are reset to the default action
for all child processes.
.PP
When a non-interactive shell executes a command file,
it does not handle or ignore any signal by default.
Any other non-interactive shell ignores SIGINT and SIGQUIT.
.PP
For any signal not mentioned above,
the shell inherits the signal action (default or ignore)
from its parent process and passes it to its child processes.
Remember that the
.B trap
special command may be used to ignore signals
when the shell does not do so by default.
.PP
Asynchronous child processes always ignore
both SIGINT and SIGQUIT.
Also,
if such a process has not redirected its
input with a \fB<\fR, \fB|\fR, or \fB^\fR,
the shell automatically redirects it to come from
.IR /dev/null .
.SH "EXIT STATUS (+)"
The exit status of the shell is generally that of
the last command executed prior to end-of-file or
.BR exit .
.PP
However,
if the shell is interactive and detects an error,
it exits with a non-zero status if the user
types an EOT at the next prompt.
.PP
Otherwise,
if the shell is non-interactive and is reading
commands from a file,
any shell-detected error causes the shell
to cease execution of that file.
This results in a non-zero exit status.
.PP
A non-zero exit status returned by the shell
itself is always one of the values described
in the following list,
each of which may be accompanied
by an appropriate diagnostic:
.TP
2
The shell detected a syntax, redirection,
or other error not described in this list.
.TP
125
An external command was found
but did not begin with the proper
magic number or a `#!shell' sequence,
and a valid shell was not specified by
EXECSHELL with which to execute it.
.TP
126
An external command was found
but could not be executed.
.TP
127
An external command was not found.
.TP
>128
An external command was terminated by a signal.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT (+)"
Notice that the concept of `user environment'
was not defined in Sixth Edition UNIX.
Thus,
use of the following environment variables
by this port of the shell is an enhancement:
.TP
.B EXECSHELL
If set to a non-empty string,
the value of this variable is taken as the
path name of the shell which is invoked to
execute an external command when it does not
begin with the proper magic number
or a `#!shell' sequence.
Its value is available to the shell via
the \fB$\fR\fIe\fR special parameter.
.TP
.B HOME
If set to a non-empty string,
the value of this variable is taken as the
user's home directory.
Its value is available to the shell via
the \fB$\fR\fIh\fR special parameter and is
the default directory for the
.B chdir
special command.
.TP
.B MANPATH
If set,
the value of this variable is taken as the
sequence of directories used by
.IR man (1)
to search for manual page files.
Its value is available to the shell via
the \fB$\fR\fIm\fR special parameter.
.TP
.B OSHDIR
If set to a non-empty string,
the value of this variable is taken as the
path name of a directory which may be used
for temporary files.
Its value is available to the shell via
the \fB$\fR\fId\fR special parameter.
.TP
.B PATH
If set to a non-empty string,
the value of this variable is taken as the
sequence of directories used
by the shell to search both for external commands
and for files to be executed by the
.B source
special command.
Its value is available to the shell via
the \fB$\fR\fIp\fR special parameter.
Notice that the Sixth Edition UNIX
shell always used the equivalent of `.:/bin:/usr/bin',
not PATH.
.SH FILES
.TP
.I /dev/null
default source of input for asynchronous processes
.TP
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.login \ (+)
system-wide rc init file for login shells
.TP
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.oshrc \ (+)
system-wide rc init file for \fIall\fR interactive shells
.TP
.IR $h/.osh.history \ (+)
user history file for \fIall\fR interactive shells
.TP
.IR $h/.osh.login \ (+)
user rc init file for login shells
.TP
.IR $h/.oshrc \ (+)
user rc init file for \fIall\fR interactive shells
.TP
.IR @SYSCONFDIR@/osh.logout \ (+)
system-wide rc logout file for login shells
.TP
.IR $h/.osh.logout \ (+)
user rc logout file for login shells
.SH "SEE ALSO"
awk(1),
env(1),
expr(1),
fd2(1),
goto(1),
grep(1),
if(1),
kill(1),
login(1),
man(1),
newgrp(1),
sed(1),
sh6(1),
stty(1),
uname(1)
.PP
Osh home page:
http://v6shell.org/
.PP
`The UNIX Time-Sharing System' (CACM, July, 1974):
.PP
.nf
	http://v6shell.org/history/unix/
.fi
.PP
gives the theory of operation of both the system and the shell.
.SH AUTHORS
This enhanced port of the Thompson shell is derived from
Sixth Edition UNIX /usr/source/s2/sh.c,
which was principally written by Ken Thompson of Bell Labs.
Jeffrey Allen Neitzel initially ported it in January 2004
and currently maintains it as
.IR sh6 (1).
In addition,
he is the principal developer and maintainer of
this enhanced version of the shell,
which is hereby made available as
.IR osh (1).
.SH HISTORY
A
.B sh
command
appeared as
.I /bin/sh
in First Edition UNIX.
.PP
The Thompson shell
was used as the standard command interpreter
through Sixth Edition UNIX.
Then,
in the Seventh Edition,
it was replaced by the Bourne shell.
However,
the Thompson shell
was still distributed with the system as
.B osh
because of known portability problems
with the Bourne shell's memory management
in Seventh Edition UNIX.
.SH LICENSE
See either the LICENSE file which is distributed with
.B osh
or
http://v6shell.org/license/
for full details.
.SH COPYRIGHT
.nf
Copyright (c) 2003-2014
	Jeffrey Allen Neitzel.  All rights reserved.

Copyright (c) 2001-2002
	Caldera International Inc.  All rights reserved.

Copyright (c) 1985, 1989, 1991, 1993
	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.fi
.SH NOTES
Unlike the original,
this port of the shell can handle 8-bit character
sets, as well as the UTF-8 encoding.
The original,
on the other hand,
can only handle 7-bit ASCII.
.PP
Notice that certain shell oddities were historically
undocumented in this manual page.
Particularly noteworthy is the fact that there
is no such thing as a usage error.
Thus,
the following shell invocations are all perfectly valid:
.PP
.nf
	osh \-cats_are_nice!!! ': "Good kitty =)"'
	osh \-tabbies_are_too!
	osh \-s
.fi
.PP
The first two cases correspond to the
.B \-c
and
.B \-t
options
respectively;
the third case corresponds to the
.B \-
option.
.SH SECURITY
This port of the Thompson shell does not support
set-ID execution.
If the effective user (group) ID of the shell
process is not equal to its real user (group) ID,
the shell prints a diagnostic and exits with a
non-zero status.
.PP
However,
if the shell did support set-ID execution,
it could possibly allow a user to violate the
security policy on a host where the shell is used.
For example,
if the shell were running a setuid-root command file,
a regular user could possibly invoke an interactive
root shell as a result.
.PP
This is
.I not
a bug.
It is a fact of how the shell works.
Thus,
.B osh
does not support set-ID execution.
.SH BUGS
The shell makes no attempt to recover from
.IR read (2)
errors and exits
if this system call fails for any reason.