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<!-- saved from url=(0148)http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-pPwtneh2aQJ:science.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor/docs/HTLN_Chapter4.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us -->
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><style>body{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;margin-top:0}#bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr{background:#f5f5f5;font:13px arial,sans-serif;text-align:left;color:#202020;border:0;margin:0;border-bottom:1px solid #cecece;line-height:16px;padding:16px 28px 24px 28px}#bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr *{display:inline;font:inherit;text-align:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:inherit;background:none;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;letter-spacing:0}#bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr a{text-decoration:none;color:#1a0dab}#bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr a:hover{text-decoration:underline}#bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr a:visited{color:#609}#bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr div{display:block;margin-top:4px}#bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr b{font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;direction:ltr}</style></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" vlink="blue" link="blue"><div id="bN015htcoyT__google-cache-hdr"><div><span>This is the html version of the file <a href="http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor/docs/HTLN_Chapter4.pdf">http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor/docs/HTLN_Chapter4.pdf</a>. Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.</span></div><span style="display:inline-block;margin-top:8px;color:#717171"><span>Tip: To quickly find your search term on this page, press <b>Ctrl+F</b> or <b>⌘-F</b> (Mac) and use the find bar.</span></span></div><div style="position:relative;">
<meta name="Author" content="WICR I&m">
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<title>IV Sampling Design</title>
<table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="1"><b>Page 1</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:246;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:1289;left:449"><nobr>4-1</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:287;left:108"><nobr><b>CHAPTER 4: SAMPLE DESIGN</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:329;left:108"><nobr><b>Introduction</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:370;left:108"><nobr>The primary purpose of a sample design is to ensure the data collected are representative of the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:390;left:108"><nobr>target population(s), and sufficient to draw defensible conclusions about the resources of interest. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:411;left:108"><nobr>In this chapter, we discuss how our sample design ensures the scientific merit of our program. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:432;left:108"><nobr>We assume that the reader is familiar with basic principles of sample design; appendix 4-1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:453;left:108"><nobr>contains a discussion of these principles and an elaboration of the concepts presented in bold</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:473;left:108"><nobr>face. Here we describe, in a broad context, how these principles will be employed in sampling</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:494;left:108"><nobr>terrestrial and aquatic habitats of our network. The specific designs detailed in individual</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:515;left:108"><nobr>protocols follow from these basic themes and incorporate variations as necessary. These details</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:535;left:108"><nobr>can be found in the monitoring protocols for individual vital signs (Supplemental Documents in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:556;left:108"><nobr>Chapter 5). Important aspects of our sample design for all vital signs are summarized in Table 4-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:577;left:108"><nobr>1.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:618;left:108"><nobr><b>Terrestrial Systems</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:660;left:108"><nobr><b>Sample Selection</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:701;left:108"><nobr>In general, the sample design for most terrestrial monitoring projects is based on a systematic</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:722;left:108"><nobr>grid in which all points, a systematic subset, or some random subset of the total may be sampled. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:742;left:108"><nobr>This choice will ultimately depend upon park size, spacing between points, time required to</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:763;left:108"><nobr>sample each point, and available personnel. Location of sample points is determined by</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:784;left:108"><nobr>overlaying the area of interest with a two-dimensional grid. If <b>systematic sampling </b>is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:804;left:108"><nobr>appropriate, then all or some systematic fraction of points are sampled. If not, then we randomly</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:825;left:108"><nobr>select some proportion of points to sample. If <b>stratification </b>is necessary, strata are defined</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:846;left:108"><nobr>before sites are determined. Regardless of the specific approach chosen (i.e., <b>systematic,</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:867;left:108"><nobr><b>random, stratified random</b>), the same underlying grid can be used at each park for different</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:887;left:108"><nobr>sampling protocols. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:929;left:108"><nobr>By sharing a common underlying grid, multiple protocols using different approaches to spatial</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:949;left:108"><nobr>allocation can maximize <b>co-location </b>of sample sites. Figure 4-1 illustrates a hypothetical</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:970;left:108"><nobr>example of superimposing several different survey designs on a single systematic grid. First, a</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:991;left:108"><nobr>relatively fine scale grid (e.g., 100 x 100m) is superimposed on the <b>sample frame</b>. Vertices of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1011;left:108"><nobr>the grid form a pool of potential sample points, and those falling outside the reference frame are</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1032;left:108"><nobr>removed from consideration. For invasive plant species monitoring, for example, the HTLN is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1053;left:108"><nobr>developing rapid data collection methods to maximize spatial coverage. All sample points in the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1074;left:108"><nobr>reference frame (i.e., all filled circles) would be utilized in a systematic sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1115;left:108"><nobr>Protocols for monitoring breeding birds utilize a systematic survey design at a larger spatial scale</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1136;left:108"><nobr>(400 x 400m). The initial grid would be subsampled to the desired scale as indicated by blue</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1156;left:108"><nobr>circles. Initially establishing a relatively fine-scale grid allows flexibility in scaling up to meet</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1177;left:108"><nobr>different design requirements. At points represented by solid blue dots, both invasive plant</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1198;left:108"><nobr>species and breeding bird monitoring would be co-located. </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1363;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="2"><b>Page 2</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:1434;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:2477;left:449"><nobr>4-2</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:1475;left:108"><nobr>Table 4-1. The overall sample design approach, methods for spatially allocating samples, and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1496;left:108"><nobr>the revisit plan for vital signs monitoring.</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:10px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:1524;left:129"><nobr><b>Level 1</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1524;left:211"><nobr><b>Level 2</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1524;left:316"><nobr><b>Level 3</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1524;left:411"><nobr><b>Network Vital Sign Name</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1517;left:574"><nobr><b>Overall Sample</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1530;left:570"><nobr><b>Design Approach</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1517;left:704"><nobr><b>Spatial</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1530;left:696"><nobr><b>Allocation</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1517;left:779"><nobr><b>Revisit Plan</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1550;left:122"><nobr>Ecosystem</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1564;left:118"><nobr>Patterns and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1578;left:125"><nobr>Processes</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1550;left:217"><nobr>Land</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1564;left:215"><nobr>Cover</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1578;left:210"><nobr>and Use</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1557;left:296"><nobr>Land Cover and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1571;left:325"><nobr>Use</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1564;left:423"><nobr>Land Cover/Land Use</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1695;left:152"><nobr>A</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1687;left:152"><nobr>ir an</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1665;left:152"><nobr>d C</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1648;left:152"><nobr>lim</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1632;left:152"><nobr>ate</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1667;left:234"><nobr>A</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1659;left:234"><nobr>ir Q</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1640;left:234"><nobr>u</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1634;left:234"><nobr>ality</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1601;left:319"><nobr>Ozone</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1601;left:461"><nobr>Ozone</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1601;left:606"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1601;left:714"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1601;left:782"><nobr>Continuous</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1618;left:304"><nobr>Wet and Dry</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1632;left:308"><nobr>Deposition</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1625;left:418"><nobr>Wet and Dry Deposition</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1625;left:606"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1625;left:714"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1625;left:782"><nobr>Continuous</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1651;left:302"><nobr>Visibility and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1665;left:292"><nobr>Particulate Matter</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1651;left:416"><nobr>Visibility and Particulate</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1665;left:460"><nobr>Matter</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1658;left:606"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1658;left:714"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1658;left:782"><nobr>Continuous</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1687;left:292"><nobr>Air Contaminants</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1687;left:434"><nobr>Air Contaminants</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1687;left:606"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1687;left:714"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1687;left:782"><nobr>Continuous</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1706;left:209"><nobr>Weather</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1720;left:200"><nobr>and Climate</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1706;left:314"><nobr>Weather</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1720;left:305"><nobr>and Climate</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1713;left:456"><nobr>Weather</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1713;left:606"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1713;left:714"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1713;left:782"><nobr>Continuous</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1860;left:145"><nobr>G</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1851;left:145"><nobr>eo</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1840;left:145"><nobr>log</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1825;left:145"><nobr>y</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1861;left:159"><nobr>and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1841;left:159"><nobr>S</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1834;left:159"><nobr>o</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1828;left:159"><nobr>ils</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1821;left:234"><nobr>G</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1812;left:234"><nobr>eo</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1800;left:234"><nobr>m</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1791;left:234"><nobr>o</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1785;left:234"><nobr>rpho</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1763;left:234"><nobr>lo</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1754;left:234"><nobr>gy</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1752;left:280"><nobr>Stream/ River Channel</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1765;left:299"><nobr>Characteristics</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1744;left:418"><nobr>Fluvial Geomorphology</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1737;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1751;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1744;left:707"><nobr>GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1744;left:788"><nobr>[1-0,1-4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1766;left:416"><nobr>Stream Habitat/ Riparian</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1780;left:448"><nobr>Assessment</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1766;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1780;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1773;left:707"><nobr>GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1773;left:798"><nobr>[2-5]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1807;left:300"><nobr>Surface Water</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1821;left:310"><nobr>Dynamics</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1814;left:434"><nobr>Stream Discharge</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1814;left:606"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1814;left:714"><nobr>NA</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1814;left:782"><nobr>Continuous</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1929;left:234"><nobr>W</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1917;left:234"><nobr>ater Q</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1888;left:234"><nobr>u</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1882;left:234"><nobr>ality</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1849;left:294"><nobr>Water Chemistry</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1849;left:429"><nobr>Core Water Quality</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1862;left:450"><nobr>Parameters</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1849;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1862;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1855;left:703"><nobr>Various</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1855;left:791"><nobr>Various</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1885;left:318"><nobr>Toxics</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1885;left:437"><nobr>Pollutant Metals</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1878;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1892;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1885;left:707"><nobr>GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1885;left:788"><nobr>[1-0,1-4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1921;left:283"><nobr>Aquatic Invertebrates</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1935;left:310"><nobr>and Algae</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1906;left:419"><nobr>Aquatic Invertebrates—</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1920;left:440"><nobr>Prairie Streams</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1906;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1920;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1906;left:696"><nobr>Exhaustive</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1920;left:704"><nobr>Sample</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1913;left:792"><nobr>Annual</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1935;left:419"><nobr>Aquatic Invertebrates—</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1949;left:461"><nobr>Rivers</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1935;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1949;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1942;left:707"><nobr>GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1942;left:789"><nobr>[1-0,1,4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2221;left:145"><nobr>B</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2213;left:145"><nobr>io</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2203;left:145"><nobr>lo</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2194;left:145"><nobr>gical Integ</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2143;left:145"><nobr>rity</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1978;left:209"><nobr>Invasive</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1992;left:211"><nobr>Species</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1964;left:284"><nobr>Invasive/ Non-native</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1978;left:320"><nobr>Plants</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1971;left:428"><nobr>Exotic Forest Plants</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1964;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1978;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1971;left:696"><nobr>Systematic</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1971;left:798"><nobr>[1-5]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1993;left:284"><nobr>Invasive/ Non-native</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2006;left:320"><nobr>Plants</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2000;left:419"><nobr>Exotic Grassland Plants</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:1993;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2006;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2000;left:696"><nobr>Systematic</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2000;left:798"><nobr>[1-5]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2276;left:226"><nobr>F</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2270;left:226"><nobr>o</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2263;left:226"><nobr>cal S</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2240;left:226"><nobr>p</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2234;left:226"><nobr>ecies o</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2201;left:226"><nobr>r C</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2186;left:226"><nobr>o</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2180;left:226"><nobr>m</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2170;left:226"><nobr>m</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2161;left:226"><nobr>u</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2155;left:226"><nobr>nities</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2028;left:280"><nobr>Wetland Communities</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2021;left:442"><nobr>Wetland Plant</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2035;left:444"><nobr>Communities</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2021;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2035;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2028;left:710"><nobr>TBD</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2028;left:798"><nobr>TBD</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2057;left:311"><nobr>Grassland</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2071;left:302"><nobr>Communities</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2050;left:430"><nobr>Prairie Community</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2064;left:419"><nobr>Structure, Composition,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2078;left:444"><nobr>and Diversity</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2057;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2071;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2057;left:700"><nobr>Stratified</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2071;left:702"><nobr>Random</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2064;left:798"><nobr>[2-3]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2106;left:292"><nobr>Forest Vegetation</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2093;left:431"><nobr>Forest Community</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2106;left:419"><nobr>Structure, Composition,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2120;left:444"><nobr>and Diversity</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2099;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2113;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2099;left:700"><nobr>Stratified</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2113;left:702"><nobr>Random</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2106;left:798"><nobr>[2-3]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2156;left:319"><nobr>Fishes</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2135;left:430"><nobr>Fish Community—</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2149;left:440"><nobr>Prairie Streams</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2135;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2149;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2135;left:696"><nobr>Exhaustive</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2149;left:704"><nobr>Sample</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2142;left:788"><nobr>[1-0,1-4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2164;left:430"><nobr>Fish Community—</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2178;left:445"><nobr>Ozark Rivers</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2164;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2178;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2171;left:707"><nobr>GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2171;left:788"><nobr>[1-0,1-4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2200;left:322"><nobr>Birds</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2200;left:451"><nobr>Land birds</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2192;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2206;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2200;left:696"><nobr>Systematic</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2200;left:792"><nobr>Annual</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2228;left:311"><nobr>Mammals</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2228;left:465"><nobr>Deer</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2221;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2235;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2228;left:710"><nobr>TBD</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2228;left:798"><nobr>TBD</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2300;left:298"><nobr>Threatened and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2314;left:306"><nobr>Endangered</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2328;left:306"><nobr>Species and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2341;left:302"><nobr>Communities</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2264;left:426"><nobr>Missouri Bladderpod</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2257;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2271;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2250;left:700"><nobr>Adaptive</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2264;left:705"><nobr>Cluster</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2278;left:699"><nobr>Sampling</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2264;left:792"><nobr>Annual</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2299;left:434"><nobr>Ozark Hellbender</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2293;left:581"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2306;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2293;left:694"><nobr>Dual Frame</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2306;left:703"><nobr>- GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2299;left:788"><nobr>[1-0,1-2]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2335;left:441"><nobr>Topeka Shiner</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2328;left:580"><nobr>Aquatic – one</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2342;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2321;left:709"><nobr>NA –</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2335;left:696"><nobr>Population</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2349;left:705"><nobr>Census</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2335;left:792"><nobr>Annual</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2371;left:419"><nobr>Western Prairie Fringed</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2385;left:460"><nobr>Orchid</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2371;left:574"><nobr>Terrestrial – two</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2385;left:585"><nobr>dimensional</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2364;left:709"><nobr>NA –</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2378;left:696"><nobr>Population</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2391;left:705"><nobr>Census</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2378;left:792"><nobr>Annual </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:2551;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="3"><b>Page 3</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:2622;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:3665;left:449"><nobr>4-3</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:3439;left:108"><nobr>Figure 4-1. A hypothetical example of superimposing, on a single underlying grid, several</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3459;left:108"><nobr>monitoring projects each using a different technique for selecting sample locations. In this</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3480;left:108"><nobr>example, invasive plant monitoring would utilize a systematic sample from a fine scale grid (all</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3501;left:108"><nobr>solid dots). Breeding bird monitoring would utilize a systematic sample from a coarser scale</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3521;left:108"><nobr>grid (solid blue dots). Vegetation community monitoring would draw a relatively small stratified</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3542;left:108"><nobr>random sample from the pool of potential sites (solid red dots). </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3739;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="4"><b>Page 4</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:3810;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:4853;left:449"><nobr>4-4</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:3851;left:108"><nobr>Finally, vegetation community monitoring methods are intensive and time consuming; therefore,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3872;left:108"><nobr>total sample sizes must remain small. Given relatively small sample sizes and the desire to</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3892;left:108"><nobr>capture heterogeneity in vegetation communities that reflects underlying differences in soil type</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3913;left:108"><nobr>and aspect, a stratified random sample is drawn. In this example, the three sample sites are</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3934;left:108"><nobr>drawn at random from strata A and B with the number of sites per strata proportionate to the area</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3954;left:108"><nobr>of the strata, thus creating equal probability for selection. At points represented by solid red</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:3975;left:108"><nobr>dots, both invasive plant species and vegetation community monitoring are co-located.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4017;left:108"><nobr>In addition to the general approach described above (e.g., systematic, stratified random), the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4037;left:108"><nobr>HTLN is also utilizing adaptive <b>cluster sampling </b>and complete census techniques in monitoring</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4058;left:108"><nobr>rare plant populations (Table 4-1).</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4100;left:108"><nobr><b>Panel Membership and Revisit Design</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4141;left:108"><nobr><b>Panel membership </b>and <b>revisit design </b>describe how sites at each park are sampled through time. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4161;left:108"><nobr>As a demonstration of how the revisit design must accommodate a network-wide logistical plan,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4182;left:108"><nobr>we continue the example from vegetation community monitoring. In general, vegetation</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4203;left:108"><nobr>community monitoring sites are sampled for two consecutive years followed by three years of no</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4224;left:108"><nobr>sampling (i.e., a [2 - 3] <b>rotating panel</b>; Table 4-2). This design is well suited for trampling-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4244;left:108"><nobr>sensitive systems such as glades, tallgrass prairies, mixed grass prairies, and savannas; allows for</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4265;left:108"><nobr>a greater number of sites to be visited through time; and provides a three-year window in which</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4286;left:108"><nobr>to initiate management activities. Furthermore, sampling for two consecutive years statistically</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4306;left:108"><nobr>reduces the effect of annual variability on the detection of trends in plant communities that are</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4327;left:108"><nobr>temporally dynamic.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4368;left:108"><nobr>In two parks, more intensive monitoring is planned as part of ongoing research and design work. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4389;left:108"><nobr>At Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (TAPR), a <b>split panel </b>revisit plan is employed in which a</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4410;left:108"><nobr>subset of sites is sampled annually, while other sites are rotated on a four year cycle [1 – 0, 1 – 3]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4431;left:108"><nobr>(Table 4-3). The <b>always revisit </b>panel is well suited to detect gross change and components of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4451;left:108"><nobr>individual change. A primary drawback of the design is the burden placed on core sites through</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4472;left:108"><nobr>trampling pressure related to annual sampling. At TAPR, however, sampling-related trampling</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4493;left:108"><nobr>issues are minimal compared to the intensive cattle grazing currently implemented. This is the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4513;left:108"><nobr>only park in the network able to sustain an annual sample because of the intensive grazing</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4534;left:108"><nobr>already occurring. The group of annually sampled sites is coupled with a second panel of sites</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4555;left:108"><nobr>from each pasture scheduled for monitoring on a four year rotation [1- 3]. The second panel</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4575;left:108"><nobr>provides a better estimate of status and improves our ability to compare plant communities</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4596;left:108"><nobr>among pastures under different management regimes.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4638;left:108"><nobr>At Effigy Mounds National Monument (EFMO), the plan for monitoring additional forest sites</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4658;left:108"><nobr>involves a rotating panel design [1 – 2]. All sample sites will be placed into three panels based</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4679;left:108"><nobr>on fire management units and tentatively sampled once every three years. Unlike TAPR, there is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4700;left:108"><nobr>not an annually sampled panel at EFMO due to the sensitivity of the forest community to</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4720;left:108"><nobr>trampling. </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:4927;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="5"><b>Page 5</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:4998;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:6041;left:449"><nobr>4-5</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:5039;left:108"><nobr>Table 4-2. Network-wide logistical plan for rotating annual vegetation community monitoring</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5060;left:108"><nobr>effort among network parks. (Different vegetation communities are monitored at EFMO in the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5080;left:108"><nobr>always revisit panel [forests] compared to the rotating panel [prairies]).</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5559;left:108"><nobr>In designing vital signs monitoring for multiple NPS units at the network scale, logistics may</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5580;left:108"><nobr>constrain the survey design at any particular park. For example, plant community monitoring is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5601;left:108"><nobr>ongoing or scheduled for 14 parks dispersed widely across the Great Plains. We utilize sampling</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5621;left:108"><nobr>tours comprised of parks in geographic proximity to one another to achieve operational</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5642;left:108"><nobr>efficiency (Table 4-2, Figure 4-2). Every park in the tour is visited during a single trip (not to</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5663;left:108"><nobr>exceed 10 days). In most cases, all vegetation monitoring sites within a park are sampled during</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5683;left:108"><nobr>each visit. The tour concept ensures that parks in relatively close proximity of each other are</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5704;left:108"><nobr>sampled consecutively, thereby reducing time and travel-related expenses.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5754;left:108"><nobr>Table 4-3. Split panel revisit design for Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve [1 – 0, 1 – 3]. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5947;left:108"><nobr>In determining the logistical plan, the timing of sampling within the growing season was</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5968;left:108"><nobr>considered, as well as the maximum number of plots that could be revisited within a year. With</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5988;left:108"><nobr>sampling limited to early May through mid-October, selecting the optimal sequence of tours is</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:5114;left:113"><nobr>Tour Region (Parks)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5114;left:329"><nobr>2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5157;left:123"><nobr>1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5149;left:151"><nobr>Short-grass prairie tour</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5166;left:151"><nobr>(AGFO – SCBL)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5149;left:339"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5149;left:379"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5149;left:541"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5149;left:582"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5149;left:744"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5149;left:784"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5210;left:123"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5201;left:151"><nobr>Tallgrass prairie tour </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5219;left:151"><nobr>(HOME – PIPE)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5201;left:420"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5201;left:460"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5201;left:622"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5201;left:663"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5263;left:123"><nobr>3</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5254;left:151"><nobr>Deciduous forest tour</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5271;left:151"><nobr>(LIBO – HOCU - WICR)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5254;left:460"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5254;left:501"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5254;left:663"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5254;left:703"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5315;left:123"><nobr>4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5306;left:151"><nobr>Ozarks tour </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5324;left:151"><nobr>(PERI – HOSP – ARPO)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5306;left:501"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5306;left:541"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5306;left:703"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5306;left:744"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5368;left:123"><nobr>5</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5359;left:151"><nobr>Prairie-savanna tour</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5376;left:151"><nobr>(EFMO – HEHO – GWCA)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5359;left:379"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5359;left:420"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5359;left:582"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5359;left:622"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5359;left:784"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:123"><nobr>6</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5429;left:151"><nobr>Flint Hills tallgrass prairie</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5447;left:151"><nobr>tour (TAPR) </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:339"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:379"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:420"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:460"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:501"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:541"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:582"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:622"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:663"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:703"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:744"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5438;left:784"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:123"><nobr>7</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5482;left:151"><nobr>Eastern forest tour</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5499;left:151"><nobr>(EFMO) </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:339"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:379"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:420"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:460"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:501"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:541"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:582"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:622"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:663"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:703"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:744"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5490;left:784"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5797;left:108"><nobr>Sample Panels</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5797;left:273"><nobr>2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:108"><nobr>Core sites (n=18)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:283"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:323"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:364"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:404"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:445"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:485"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:526"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:566"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:607"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:647"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:688"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:728"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5815;left:769"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5833;left:108"><nobr>Crusher pasture (n=5)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5833;left:283"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5833;left:445"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5833;left:607"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5833;left:769"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5851;left:108"><nobr>Redhouse pasture (n=6)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5851;left:323"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5851;left:485"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5851;left:647"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5869;left:108"><nobr>Windmill pasture (n=8)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5869;left:364"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5869;left:526"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5869;left:688"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5887;left:108"><nobr>Gashouse pasture (n=11)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5887;left:404"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5887;left:566"><nobr>X</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:5887;left:728"><nobr>X </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6115;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="6"><b>Page 6</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:6186;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:7229;left:449"><nobr>4-6</nobr></div>
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<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:6227;left:108"><nobr>crucial. Each community type has a unique sample time within the growing season that is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6248;left:108"><nobr>optimal for capturing the diversity and complexity of the system. Plant communities are</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6268;left:108"><nobr>sampled at approximately the same time each year to remove seasonality from cover and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6289;left:108"><nobr>frequency estimates. This minimizes difficulties in differentiating long-term trends from</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6310;left:108"><nobr>changes attributable to seasonal variability.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6351;left:108"><nobr>Unlike many large-scale environmental monitoring studies, region-wide inferences incorporating</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6372;left:108"><nobr>cross-tour analyses is not intended. In this case, the study units within the parks remain the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6393;left:108"><nobr>framework for statistical interest. Results are not extrapolated to include all parks within a tour</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6413;left:108"><nobr>and trends will not be analyzed across tours. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:6993;left:108"><nobr>Figure 4-2. Groups of parks, or tours, scheduled in a single vegetation community monitoring</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7014;left:108"><nobr>field trip. (TAPR and forests at EFMO are sampled every year; prairies at EFMO are sampled</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7034;left:108"><nobr>on a rotating basis.) </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7303;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="7"><b>Page 7</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:7374;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:8417;left:449"><nobr>4-7</nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:7415;left:108"><nobr><b>River Systems</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7456;left:108"><nobr>River systems are linear and require a different approach than terrestrial habitats. Buffalo</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7477;left:108"><nobr>National River (BUFF) and Ozark National Scenic Riverways (OZAR) are two ‘river’ parks</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7498;left:108"><nobr>within the HTLN network. Preserving the aquatic resources of these parks is of primary</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7518;left:108"><nobr>importance, and the park boundaries closely parallel the rivers and important tributaries. Five</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7539;left:108"><nobr>major vital signs are proposed for evaluation under a unified monitoring design: Ozark</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7560;left:108"><nobr>hellbenders, fish communities, invertebrates, geomorphology, and heavy metals (primarily lead,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7581;left:108"><nobr>but also nickel and cadmium). In order to maximize sampling efficiency and the amount of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7601;left:108"><nobr>information available for each site, we will <b>co-locate </b>and <b>co-visit </b>as many sample sites as</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7622;left:108"><nobr>possible. Although we monitor aquatic resources in other parks in the HTLN network, here we</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7643;left:108"><nobr>focus on BUFF and OZAR because they represent relatively large river systems requiring</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7663;left:108"><nobr>substantial sampling efforts. Also, other aquatic resources are being sampled as part of the PC-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7684;left:108"><nobr>LTEM program, and their sample design has already undergone a thorough review.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7746;left:108"><nobr><b>Sample selection</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7788;left:108"><nobr>We defined the sample unit to be the largest entity upon which one of the five study’s field</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7808;left:108"><nobr>protocols could be applied. As a common sample unit definition, we will use a ‘stretch’ of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7829;left:108"><nobr>contiguous river of some minimum and maximum length. Because the geomorphology of these</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7850;left:108"><nobr>waterways (and the resulting biological processes) are scale-dependent, different categories of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7870;left:108"><nobr>stretch sizes will be employed. For example, as rivers become wider, the distance separating</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7891;left:108"><nobr>riffles increases. The protocol for sampling macroinvertebrates requires sampling three riffles,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7912;left:108"><nobr>so this protocol will require longer sections in the main stems than in the tributaries. In the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7932;left:108"><nobr>tributaries and upper main stems, stretch lengths of 1-3 km may be adequate. The middle and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7953;left:108"><nobr>lower main stems may require stretch lengths of 3-5 km to accommodate all studies. A key</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7974;left:108"><nobr>characteristic of the overall design is that all studies are capable of producing unbiased estimates</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:7995;left:108"><nobr>that are applicable to the entire stretch. While stretches must be long enough to accommodate</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8015;left:108"><nobr>unbiased estimates for all studies, they do not have to be the same size. Once defined, sample</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8036;left:108"><nobr>unit boundaries will remain fixed forever and be used by all studies under the unified monitoring</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8057;left:108"><nobr>design.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8098;left:108"><nobr>For both BUFF and OZAR, the sample frame will consist of all river stretches where it is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8119;left:108"><nobr>theoretically possible to apply at least one study’s field protocol. We will attribute each stretch</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8139;left:108"><nobr>in both frames with the following characteristics, which will be used as covariates (i.e.,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8160;left:108"><nobr><b>domains</b>): (1) whether or not the stretch is significantly influenced by the presence of a major</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8181;left:108"><nobr>upstream spring or confluence, (2) the ‘valley segment type’ of the stretch (i.e., based on</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8202;left:108"><nobr>geographic information system [GIS] data; to allow for regional comparisons), and (3) whether</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8222;left:108"><nobr>or not the stretch is ephemeral (i.e., subject to intermittent flow). Other attributes are possible</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8243;left:108"><nobr>and will be considered. None of these attributes will be used to define sample strata; rather, they</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8264;left:108"><nobr>will be used during analysis to help explain variation in the measured variables. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8305;left:108"><nobr>For the five major studies at BUFF and OZAR, it is desirable for samples to be spatially</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8326;left:108"><nobr>balanced or ‘well spread-out’. In river systems, space is 1-dimensional and equates with river</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8346;left:108"><nobr>mile. Spatial balance is important because all responses are known to be spatially autocorrelated </nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:8562;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:9605;left:449"><nobr>4-8</nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:8603;left:108"><nobr>(i.e., units close to one another tend to yield correlated responses), and park-wide inferences are</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8624;left:108"><nobr>desired. When responses are correlated in space, spatial balance can greatly improve precision</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8644;left:108"><nobr>of the resulting estimates. Thus, we will employ the <b>Generalized Random Tessellation</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8665;left:108"><nobr><b>Stratified </b>(GRTS) design of sample selection. The GRTS technique generates a random sample</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8686;left:108"><nobr>that is spatially well balanced (see Appendix 4-1). It allows multiple studies to maximize</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8706;left:108"><nobr>overlap of selected streams by utilizing a common sample, and allows units to be added easily</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8727;left:108"><nobr>after an initial sample has been drawn. Additionally, because GRTS samples are not evenly</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8748;left:108"><nobr>spaced, it is not possible for sample locations to be in phase with a cyclic response. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8789;left:108"><nobr>The most desirable characteristic of GRTS sampling is that for any sample size, the first <i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8810;left:108"><nobr>stretches in the ordered GRTS sample constitute a spatially balanced sample of size <i>n</i>. Even if a</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8831;left:108"><nobr>small number of the first <i>n </i>units are not included in the sample, spatial balance of the GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8851;left:108"><nobr>sample will remain high. This characteristic is desirable because it allows multiple studies to</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8872;left:108"><nobr>maximize overlap and add stretches in a way that guarantees spatial balance. For example,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8893;left:108"><nobr>assume 10 stretches are to be surveyed by the hellbender study, 2 stretches are to be surveyed by</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8913;left:108"><nobr>the geomorphology study, and 25 stretches are to be surveyed by the fish study. Under the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8934;left:108"><nobr>GRTS design and assuming all three field protocols could be applied to all stretches, the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8955;left:108"><nobr>hellbender project would visit the first 10 stretches in the ordered sample. The geomorphology</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8976;left:108"><nobr>study would visit the first 2 stretches, and the fish project would visit the first 25 stretches in the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:8996;left:108"><nobr>list. In this way, overlap is maximized because 10 of 25 fish stretches would also be sampled for</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9017;left:108"><nobr>hellbenders, and 2 of those 10 would also receive geomorphologic measurements. Furthermore,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9038;left:108"><nobr>the 2 geomorphology, 10 hellbender, and 25 fish stretches would be spatially balanced.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9079;left:108"><nobr><b>Panel Membership and Revisit Design</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9120;left:108"><nobr>The proposed membership design is specified in Table 4-4. To select sample units for most</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9141;left:108"><nobr>panels, an <b>interpenetrating </b>membership design will be used, in which the sites within each</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9162;left:108"><nobr>panel are spatially intermixed. The only exceptions will be the hellbender and heavy metal</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9183;left:108"><nobr>studies, in which a <b>dual frame </b>approach will be employed. Hellbenders are thought to be</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9203;left:108"><nobr>extremely rare and restricted to the main stem at OZAR. Panel 1 of the hellbender study will</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9224;left:108"><nobr>consist of only those stretches where hellbenders are known to exist. The remaining areas of the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9245;left:108"><nobr>main stem rivers will be selected for the hellbender project using interpenetrating GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9265;left:108"><nobr>samples. For the heavy metal study, it is critical to sample the stretch containing Blair Creek,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9286;left:108"><nobr>because heavy metal levels in this tributary are thought to be heavily influenced by an adjacent</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9307;left:108"><nobr>lead mine outside park boundaries. The Blair Creek stretch therefore will be placed in the heavy</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9327;left:108"><nobr>metal study’s panel 1. All other stretches, including tributaries, will be sampled using an</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9348;left:108"><nobr>interpenetrating GRTS sample. </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9679;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="9"><b>Page 9</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:9750;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:10793;left:449"><nobr>4-9</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:9822;left:108"><nobr>Table 4-4. Membership designs for monitoring studies proposed at BUFF and OZAR. Each</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9843;left:108"><nobr>study's annual sample size is assumed to be <i>n</i>.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9917;left:119"><nobr><b>Study</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9876;left:193"><nobr><b>Total</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9897;left:185"><nobr><b>Sample</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9917;left:198"><nobr><b>Size Area of Inference Panel #</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9897;left:497"><nobr><b>#</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9917;left:466"><nobr><b>Stretches</b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9917;left:597"><nobr><b>Membership Design </b></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10153;left:148"><nobr>H</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10140;left:148"><nobr>ellbender (O</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10049;left:148"><nobr>Z</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10038;left:148"><nobr>A</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10025;left:148"><nobr>R</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10009;left:148"><nobr>only)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10067;left:193"><nobr>3<i>n-</i>2<i>k</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9950;left:258"><nobr>Known main stem</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9971;left:286"><nobr>hellbender</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9992;left:292"><nobr>stretches</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9971;left:424"><nobr>1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9971;left:498"><nobr><i>k</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9940;left:546"><nobr>Main stem stretches in which > 0</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9960;left:546"><nobr>hellbender were found during</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:9981;left:546"><nobr>reconnaissance surveys. Number</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10002;left:546"><nobr>unknown, assumed = <i>k</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10089;left:268"><nobr>Unknown main</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10110;left:266"><nobr>stem hellbender</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10131;left:292"><nobr>stretches</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10046;left:424"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10046;left:490"><nobr><i>n-k</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10025;left:546"><nobr>First <i>n-k </i>main stem stretches in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10046;left:546"><nobr>GRTS sample that are not known</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10066;left:546"><nobr>hellbender stretches. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10110;left:424"><nobr>3</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10110;left:490"><nobr><i>n-k</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10089;left:546"><nobr>Second <i>n-k </i>main stem stretches in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10110;left:546"><nobr>GRTS sample that are not known</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10131;left:546"><nobr>hellbender stretches. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10174;left:424"><nobr>4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10174;left:490"><nobr><i>n-k</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10154;left:546"><nobr>Third <i>n-k </i>main stem stretches in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10174;left:546"><nobr>GRTS sample that are not known</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10195;left:546"><nobr>hellbender stretches. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10471;left:148"><nobr>F</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10461;left:148"><nobr>ish</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10462;left:204"><nobr>4<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10239;left:260"><nobr>Stretches fishable</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10259;left:270"><nobr>by similar gear</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10249;left:424"><nobr>1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10249;left:482"><nobr>0.25<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10218;left:546"><nobr>First 0.25<i>n</i>stretches in park-wide</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10239;left:546"><nobr>GRTS sample. Some fished with</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10259;left:546"><nobr>boat shocker, some with backpack</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10280;left:546"><nobr>shocker. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10494;left:260"><nobr>Stretches fishable</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10515;left:270"><nobr>by similar gear</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10334;left:424"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10334;left:482"><nobr>0.75<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10303;left:546"><nobr>First 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1 in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10324;left:546"><nobr>park-wide GRTS sample. Some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10344;left:546"><nobr>fished with boat shocker, some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10365;left:546"><nobr>with backpack shocker. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10419;left:424"><nobr>3</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10419;left:482"><nobr>0.75<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10388;left:546"><nobr>Second 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10409;left:546"><nobr>in park-wide GRTS sample. Some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10429;left:546"><nobr>fished with boat shocker, some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10450;left:546"><nobr>with backpack shocker. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10504;left:424"><nobr>4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10504;left:482"><nobr>0.75<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10473;left:546"><nobr>Third 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10494;left:546"><nobr>in park-wide GRTS sample. Some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10515;left:546"><nobr>fished with boat shocker, some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10535;left:546"><nobr>with backpack shocker. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10589;left:424"><nobr>5</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10589;left:482"><nobr>0.75<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10558;left:546"><nobr>Fourth 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10579;left:546"><nobr>in park-wide GRTS sample. Some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10599;left:546"><nobr>fished with boat shocker, some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10620;left:546"><nobr>with backpack shocker. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10674;left:424"><nobr>6</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10674;left:482"><nobr>0.75<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10643;left:546"><nobr>Fifth 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1 in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10664;left:546"><nobr>park-wide GRTS sample. Some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10685;left:546"><nobr>fished with boat shocker, some</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10705;left:546"><nobr>with backpack shocker. </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:10867;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="10"><b>Page 10</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:10938;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:11981;left:445"><nobr>4-10</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:11002;left:108"><nobr>Table 4-4. (Continued)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11173;left:155"><nobr>G</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11160;left:155"><nobr>eom</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11129;left:155"><nobr>orphology</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11120;left:224"><nobr>5<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11120;left:318"><nobr>All stretches</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11035;left:451"><nobr>1 <i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11024;left:496"><nobr>First <i>n </i>stretches in park-wide GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11045;left:496"><nobr>sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11077;left:451"><nobr>2 <i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11067;left:496"><nobr>Second <i>n </i>stretches in park-wide GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11088;left:496"><nobr>sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11120;left:451"><nobr>3 <i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11109;left:496"><nobr>Third <i>n </i>stretches in park-wide GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11130;left:496"><nobr>sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11162;left:451"><nobr>4 <i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11152;left:496"><nobr>Fourth <i>n </i>stretches in park-wide GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11173;left:496"><nobr>sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11205;left:451"><nobr>5 <i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11194;left:496"><nobr>Fifth <i>n </i>stretches in park-wide GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11215;left:496"><nobr>sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11418;left:155"><nobr>M</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11402;left:155"><nobr>acroinvertebrates</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11354;left:224"><nobr>3<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11247;left:318"><nobr>All stretches</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11247;left:451"><nobr>1 0.5<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11237;left:496"><nobr>First 0.25<i>n</i>stretches in park-wide GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11258;left:496"><nobr>sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11375;left:318"><nobr>All stretches</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11290;left:451"><nobr>2 0.5<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11280;left:496"><nobr>First 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1 in park-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11300;left:496"><nobr>wide GRTS sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11332;left:451"><nobr>3 0.5<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11322;left:496"><nobr>Second 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1 in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11343;left:496"><nobr>park-wide GRTS sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11375;left:451"><nobr>4 0.5<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11364;left:496"><nobr>Third 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1 in park-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11385;left:496"><nobr>wide GRTS sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11417;left:451"><nobr>5 0.5<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11407;left:496"><nobr>Fourth 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1 in park-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11428;left:496"><nobr>wide GRTS sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11460;left:451"><nobr>6 0.5<i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11450;left:496"><nobr>Fifth 0.75<i>n</i>stretches after panel 1 in park-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11470;left:496"><nobr>wide GRTS sample. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11582;left:155"><nobr>H</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11569;left:155"><nobr>eavy m</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11517;left:155"><nobr>etals</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11539;left:229"><nobr><i>n</i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11513;left:303"><nobr>The Blair stretch 1 1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11492;left:496"><nobr>The Blair Creek stretch. This stretch is 1.4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11513;left:496"><nobr>km long and is potentially influenced by</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11533;left:496"><nobr>an adjacent mine.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11560;left:294"><nobr>All stretches minus</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11581;left:345"><nobr>Blair</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11571;left:451"><nobr>2 <i>n</i>-1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11560;left:496"><nobr>First <i>n</i>-1 stretches in park-wide GRTS</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11581;left:496"><nobr>sample that are not Blair. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11607;left:108"><nobr>______________________________________________________________________________</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11669;left:108"><nobr>The revisit design is presented in Table 4-5. With the exception of geomorphology and heavy</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11690;left:108"><nobr>metals, all vital signs have an always revisit panel and a set of rotating panels. Because the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11710;left:108"><nobr>geomorphology and heavy metal contamination of these rivers would not be expected to change</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11731;left:108"><nobr>rapidly (in the absence of major flood events or new mining activity), revisiting sites on an</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11752;left:108"><nobr>annual basis is not likely to be informative for these vital signs. For the others, the revisit plan is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11772;left:108"><nobr>a compromise between power to detect trend and precision of mean level estimates. The</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11793;left:108"><nobr>compromise involves allocating some fraction of annual field effort toward re-sampling stretches</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11814;left:108"><nobr>on a frequent basis. The remainder of annual field effort will be allocated toward re-sampling</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11834;left:108"><nobr>stretches on a less frequent basis. For example, in the invertebrate study, 50% of annual sample</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11855;left:108"><nobr>size will be dedicated to re-visiting stretches in a single panel every year. The remaining 50% of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11876;left:108"><nobr>annual sample size will be dedicated to visiting one of five additional panels on a 5-year rotating</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:11897;left:108"><nobr>basis. </nobr></div>
</span></font>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12055;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="11"><b>Page 11</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:12126;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:13169;left:445"><nobr>4-11</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:12180;left:174"><nobr>Table 4-5. Revisit plans for monitoring studies proposed at BUFF and OZAR.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12201;left:174"><nobr>An 'x' in the right-most columns indicates all sample units in that panel are to</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12222;left:174"><nobr>be visited that year.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12264;left:290"><nobr>Revisit</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12285;left:284"><nobr>Notation</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12243;left:437"><nobr>% of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12264;left:428"><nobr>Annual</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12285;left:433"><nobr>Effort</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12248;left:600"><nobr>Year</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12285;left:200"><nobr>Study</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12285;left:363"><nobr>Panel #</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12285;left:496"><nobr>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12384;left:227"><nobr>H</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12371;left:227"><nobr>ellbender</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12350;left:283"><nobr>[1-0,1-2]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12312;left:385"><nobr>1</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:12315;left:425"><nobr>Unknown <font style="font-size:16px">x x x x x x x x x x x x</font></nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:12339;left:385"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:12364;left:425"><nobr>Unknown</nobr></div>
</span></font>
<font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:12339;left:496"><nobr>x x x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12366;left:385"><nobr>3</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12366;left:516"><nobr>x x x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12393;left:385"><nobr>4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12393;left:537"><nobr>x x x x</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12494;left:227"><nobr>F</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12484;left:227"><nobr>ish</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12485;left:283"><nobr>[1-0,1-4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12420;left:385"><nobr>1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12420;left:438"><nobr>25% x x x x x x x x x x x x</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12447;left:385"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12498;left:438"><nobr>75%</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12447;left:496"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12447;left:601"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12447;left:708"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12474;left:385"><nobr>3</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12474;left:516"><nobr>x x x</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12501;left:385"><nobr>4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12501;left:537"><nobr>x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12528;left:385"><nobr>5</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12528;left:559"><nobr>x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12555;left:385"><nobr>6</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12555;left:580"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12555;left:687"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12645;left:217"><nobr>G</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12632;left:217"><nobr>eo-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12671;left:238"><nobr>m</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12657;left:238"><nobr>orphology</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12633;left:297"><nobr>[1-4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12582;left:385"><nobr>1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12633;left:433"><nobr>100%</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12582;left:496"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12582;left:601"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12582;left:708"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12609;left:385"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12609;left:516"><nobr>x x x</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12636;left:385"><nobr>3</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12636;left:537"><nobr>x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12663;left:385"><nobr>4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12663;left:559"><nobr>x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12690;left:385"><nobr>5</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12690;left:580"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12690;left:687"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12846;left:227"><nobr>M</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12830;left:227"><nobr>acroinvertebrates</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12782;left:283"><nobr>[1-0,1-4]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12717;left:385"><nobr>1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12717;left:438"><nobr>50% x x x x x x x x x x x x</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12744;left:385"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12795;left:438"><nobr>50%</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12744;left:496"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12744;left:601"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12744;left:708"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12771;left:385"><nobr>3</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12771;left:516"><nobr>x x x</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12798;left:385"><nobr>4</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12798;left:537"><nobr>x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12825;left:385"><nobr>5</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12825;left:559"><nobr>x x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12852;left:385"><nobr>6</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12852;left:580"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12852;left:687"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12914;left:217"><nobr>H</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12901;left:217"><nobr>eavy</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12915;left:238"><nobr>M</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12899;left:238"><nobr>etals</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12897;left:283"><nobr>[1-9,1-9]</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12876;left:385"><nobr>1 1 stretch x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12876;left:708"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12919;left:385"><nobr>2</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12899;left:421"><nobr>100% - 1</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12919;left:430"><nobr>stretch x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12919;left:708"><nobr>x </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:12940;left:162"><nobr>_________________________________________________________________</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13002;left:108"><nobr>We plan to coordinate the membership and revisit designs of the different monitoring protocols</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13023;left:108"><nobr>as much as possible. In general, co-location and co-visitation are desirable because logistics may</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13044;left:108"><nobr>be simplified, allowing multiple vital signs to be measured at the same location and same time by</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13064;left:108"><nobr>the same field crew, decreasing travel costs and time spent in the field. There is a [1-4] revisit</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13085;left:108"><nobr>component in 3 of the 5 proposed studies (Table 4-5). </nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:13243;left:0"><hr><table border="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="eeeeee" align="right"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="12"><b>Page 12</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><font size="3" face="Times"><span style="font-size:11px;font-family:Times">
<div style="position:absolute;top:13314;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:14357;left:445"><nobr>4-12</nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:13355;left:108"><nobr>One of two basic types of membership plans may be employed, depending upon the relative</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13376;left:108"><nobr>advantages of co-visiting sites. In both types of membership plans, different studies will use the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13396;left:108"><nobr>same sites, resulting in a high degree of co-location. The advantage of co-locating sites, other</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13417;left:108"><nobr>than sampling efficiency, is that it allows the acquisition of information for multiple variables at</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13438;left:108"><nobr>each site. The specific membership plan will depend upon how important it is to sample the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13458;left:108"><nobr>same sites for different vital signs at the same time (i.e., co-visitation). </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13500;left:108"><nobr>In the first type of plan (Figure 4-3), assuming that <i>n<font style="font-size:10px">1 </font></i>sample units are required in panel 1, <i>n<font style="font-size:10px">2</font></i></nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13521;left:108"><nobr>sample units are required in panel 2, and so on, the first <i>n<font style="font-size:10px">1 </font></i>sample units in the GRTS sample</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13541;left:108"><nobr>would be assigned to panel 1, the next <i>n<font style="font-size:10px">2 </font></i>units would be assigned to panel 2, etc. This</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13562;left:108"><nobr>assignment causes the sample units in each panel to interpenetrate in space due to the spatial</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13583;left:108"><nobr>balance inherent in the GRTS. The primary advantage of this membership design is that each</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13603;left:108"><nobr>panel is itself a spatially balanced sample of river stretches drawn from the entire population, and</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13624;left:108"><nobr>inferences can therefore be made to the entire population using data from every panel. A</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13645;left:108"><nobr>disadvantage of this membership design is that travel costs between sample units are higher than</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13665;left:108"><nobr>in some alternate plans. Thus this membership plan assures a large degree of co-location across</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13686;left:108"><nobr>studies, but not necessarily co-visitation.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13728;left:108"><nobr>A second type of membership plan could be employed for two or more studies where co-</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13748;left:108"><nobr>visitation of sample units is logistically efficient (Figure 4-4). This membership design assures a</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13769;left:108"><nobr>large degree of co-visitation and co-location, but does not guarantee spatial balance of the total</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13790;left:108"><nobr>sample from studies with less than the maximum sample size. In this membership design, the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13810;left:108"><nobr>study with the maximum sample size requirement would be allocated sample units as described</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13831;left:108"><nobr>above. Panels of other studies with the same revisit schedule, but lower sample size</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13852;left:108"><nobr>requirements, would be allocated a subset of the sample units. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13893;left:108"><nobr>If, for example, because of specialized expertise or seasonality issues, different sampling crews</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13914;left:108"><nobr>will need to visit sites independently or at different times of the year, there may be no practical</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13935;left:108"><nobr>benefit of co-visitation. Thus the first type of membership design described above (Figure 4-3)</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13955;left:108"><nobr>will be used, since it results in the highest degree of spatial balance. Alternatively, if the same</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13976;left:108"><nobr>sampling crews are able to obtain data for multiple vital signs from the same site at the same</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:13997;left:108"><nobr>time, the logistical benefit may outweigh the potential sacrifice in spatial balance, and the second</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:14017;left:108"><nobr>type of membership design (Figure 4-4) may be more appropriate.</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:14059;left:108"><nobr>It will be possible to utilize both membership designs, allocating some projects to one and the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:14079;left:108"><nobr>remainder of the other. This could, in theory, maximize spatial balance and optimize sampling</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:14100;left:108"><nobr>logistics when considered across all projects within the limits of resources available for field</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:14121;left:108"><nobr>work. </nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:14502;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:15069;left:108"><nobr>Figure 4-3. Potential membership plan for BUFF and OZAR yielding high co-location of points</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:15090;left:108"><nobr>across studies, but not necessarily high co-visitation. In the table at left, a GRTS sample is</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:15111;left:108"><nobr>allocated to panels of the macroinvertebrate, geomorphology (“geomorph”), and hellbender</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:15132;left:108"><nobr>studies. Co-located stretches are indicated on the right. Even though stretches are co-located,</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:15152;left:108"><nobr>some are in different panels and receive different visitation schedules. Revisit plans for panels in</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:15173;left:108"><nobr>this example appear in Table 4-5. </nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:15690;left:108"><nobr>Heartland I&M Network and Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program Vital Signs Monitoring Plan: Phase III Report</nobr></div>
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<div style="position:absolute;top:16278;left:108"><nobr>Figure 4-4. Alternative potential membership plan for studies with common revisit schedules. </nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:16299;left:108"><nobr>In the table at left, stretches in the GRTS sample are first allocated to panels of the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:16320;left:108"><nobr>macroinvertebrate study, which has the maximum panel sizes (annual sample). Stretches are then</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:16340;left:108"><nobr>allocated to the geomorphology (“geomorph”) panels from similar numbered panels in the</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:16361;left:108"><nobr>invertebrate study. For example, stretches in panel 1 of the geomorphology study are a subset of</nobr></div>
<div style="position:absolute;top:16382;left:108"><nobr>the stretches in panel 1 of the invertebrate study. </nobr></div>
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