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<!--
/******* AUTHORS *******/
Michael Woodward
Daniel Knauss
James Hollingsworth
John Stauffer
/******* END OF AUTHORS *******/
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Hollow Cathode Visualization</title>
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<!--******** HERO SECTION ************-->
<section id="hero-img">
<h2>Hallow Cathode Visualization</h2>
<h3>~A journey to a Metal World</h3>
</section>
<!--******** END OF HERO SECTION ************-->
<!--******** INTRODUCTORY SECTION ************-->
<section class="container" id="intro-section">
<div class="container">
<h3>Electric Propulsion Systems</h3>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-md intro">
<p class="intro-p">
Electric propulsion is now being used to propel spacecraft. You may think why are spacecrafts not
being propelled with a chemical propulsion systems? Well, different propulsion systems develop thrust in
different ways. An electric propulsion system makes use of electrical
power enhancing the overall propulsion performance. An electric propulsion system uses the available
electric power on-board the space craft which is generated in the form of solar power collected from
solar arrays. Chemical systems typically use a chemical propellant to generate thrust.
Electric propulsion systems enable lighter spacecraft, are much
more mass efficient and are appropriate for long duration expeditions through space.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Chemical Thrusters Versus Hall Thrusters</h3>
<div class="row">
<p class="intro-p">The average electric propulsion thruster is weaker than the average chemical thruster
in terms of force per firing but can provide thrust for longer periods of time. An electric
propulsion system is more fuel efficient which enables modern spacecrafts to travel cheaper than a
chemical propulsion system. Electric Propulsion systems will also deliver a higher velocity increase than a chemical system.
The higher the velocity alterations impacts the further into the solar system crafts can travel which results in
more ambitious missions.
</p>
</div>
<h3>What is a Hollow Cathode?</h3>
<div class="row">
<p class="intro-p">Ion and Hall thrusters that utilize an electron bombardment to
ionize the propellant gas and create the plasma in the thruster require a cathode
to emit the electrons. In addition, thrusters must neutralize the ion beam leaving the
thruster by providing electrons emitted from a cathode into the beam. Both of these processes
utilize hollow cathodes.</p>
<p class = "intro-p">Hollow cathodes are built from the following parts: a cathode tube, a
cathode insert, a sheathed heater, a heat shield and a keeper electrode. The heater heats the insert
(made of a thermionic material such as W or BaO) until it begins to emit electrons. Gas is injected
near the insert and is ionized by the emitted electrons to form a plasma containing ions and more electrons.
A positive voltage is placed on the keeper electrode, which pulls the electrons out of the orifice at
the end of the cathode where they can then be used by the thruster.
</p>
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© Hollow Cathode Visualization ASU 2021 Capstone I & II
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