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negamax.html
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negamax.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<!-- This file is generated by Nim. -->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<!-- Favicon -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="data:image/x-icon;base64,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"/>
<!-- Google fonts -->
<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,600,900' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Code+Pro:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
<!-- CSS -->
<title>negamax</title>
<style type="text/css" >
/*
Stylesheet for use with Docutils/rst2html.
See http://docutils.sf.net/docs/howto/html-stylesheets.html for how to
customize this style sheet.
Modified from Chad Skeeters' rst2html-style
https://bitbucket.org/cskeeters/rst2html-style/
Modified by Boyd Greenfield and narimiran
*/
html {
font-size: 100%;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; }
body {
font-family: "Lato", "Helvetica Neue", "HelveticaNeue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
font-weight: 400;
font-size: 1.125em;
line-height: 1.5;
color: #222;
background-color: #FCFCFC; }
/* Skeleton grid */
.container {
position: relative;
width: 100%;
max-width: 1050px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0;
box-sizing: border-box; }
.column,
.columns {
width: 100%;
float: left;
box-sizing: border-box;
margin-left: 1%;
}
.column:first-child,
.columns:first-child {
margin-left: 0; }
.three.columns {
width: 19%; }
.nine.columns {
width: 80.0%; }
.twelve.columns {
width: 100%;
margin-left: 0; }
@media screen and (max-width: 860px) {
.three.columns {
display: none;
}
.nine.columns {
width: 98.0%;
}
body {
font-size: 1em;
line-height: 1.35;
}
}
cite {
font-style: italic !important; }
/* Nim search input */
div#searchInputDiv {
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
input#searchInput {
width: 80%;
}
/*
* Some custom formatting for input forms.
* This also fixes input form colors on Firefox with a dark system theme on Linux.
*/
input {
-moz-appearance: none;
color: #333;
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #aaa;
font-family: "Lato", "Helvetica Neue", "HelveticaNeue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 0.9em;
padding: 6px;
}
input:focus {
border: 1px solid #1fa0eb;
box-shadow: 0 0 2px #1fa0eb;
}
/* Docgen styles */
/* Links */
a {
color: #07b;
text-decoration: none;
}
a span.Identifier {
text-decoration: underline;
text-decoration-color: #aab;
}
a.reference-toplevel {
font-weight: bold;
}
a.toc-backref {
text-decoration: none;
color: #222; }
a.link-seesrc {
color: #607c9f;
font-size: 0.9em;
font-style: italic; }
a:hover,
a:focus {
color: #607c9f;
text-decoration: underline; }
a:hover span.Identifier {
color: #607c9f;
}
sub,
sup {
position: relative;
font-size: 75%;
line-height: 0;
vertical-align: baseline; }
sup {
top: -0.5em; }
sub {
bottom: -0.25em; }
img {
width: auto;
height: auto;
max-width: 100%;
vertical-align: middle;
border: 0;
-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; }
@media print {
* {
color: black !important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: transparent !important;
box-shadow: none !important; }
a,
a:visited {
text-decoration: underline; }
a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")"; }
abbr[title]:after {
content: " (" attr(title) ")"; }
.ir a:after,
a[href^="javascript:"]:after,
a[href^="#"]:after {
content: ""; }
pre,
blockquote {
border: 1px solid #999;
page-break-inside: avoid; }
thead {
display: table-header-group; }
tr,
img {
page-break-inside: avoid; }
img {
max-width: 100% !important; }
@page {
margin: 0.5cm; }
h1 {
page-break-before: always; }
h1.title {
page-break-before: avoid; }
p,
h2,
h3 {
orphans: 3;
widows: 3; }
h2,
h3 {
page-break-after: avoid; }
}
p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
small {
font-size: 85%; }
strong {
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 0.95em;
color: #3c3c3c;
}
em {
font-style: italic; }
h1 {
font-size: 1.8em;
font-weight: 400;
padding-bottom: .25em;
border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
margin-top: 2.5em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
line-height: 1.2em; }
h1.title {
padding-bottom: 1em;
border-bottom: 0px;
font-size: 2.5em;
text-align: center;
font-weight: 900;
margin-top: 0.75em;
margin-bottom: 0em;
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.3em;
margin-top: 2em; }
h2.subtitle {
text-align: center; }
h3 {
font-size: 1.125em;
font-style: italic;
margin-top: 1.5em; }
h4 {
font-size: 1.125em;
margin-top: 1em; }
h5 {
font-size: 1.125em;
margin-top: 0.75em; }
h6 {
font-size: 1.1em; }
ul,
ol {
padding: 0;
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-left: 0.75em; }
ul ul,
ul ol,
ol ol,
ol ul {
margin-bottom: 0;
margin-left: 1.25em; }
li {
list-style-type: circle;
}
ul.simple-boot li {
list-style-type: none;
margin-left: 0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
ol.simple > li, ul.simple > li {
margin-bottom: 0.25em;
margin-left: 0.4em }
ul.simple.simple-toc > li {
margin-top: 1em;
}
ul.simple-toc {
list-style: none;
font-size: 0.9em;
margin-left: -0.3em;
margin-top: 1em; }
ul.simple-toc > li {
list-style-type: none;
}
ul.simple-toc-section {
list-style-type: circle;
margin-left: 1em;
color: #6c9aae; }
ol.arabic {
list-style: decimal; }
ol.loweralpha {
list-style: lower-alpha; }
ol.upperalpha {
list-style: upper-alpha; }
ol.lowerroman {
list-style: lower-roman; }
ol.upperroman {
list-style: upper-roman; }
ul.auto-toc {
list-style-type: none; }
dl {
margin-bottom: 1.5em; }
dt {
margin-bottom: -0.5em;
margin-left: 0.0em; }
dd {
margin-left: 2.0em;
margin-bottom: 3.0em;
margin-top: 0.5em; }
hr {
margin: 2em 0;
border: 0;
border-top: 1px solid #aaa; }
blockquote {
font-size: 0.9em;
font-style: italic;
padding-left: 0.5em;
margin-left: 0;
border-left: 5px solid #bbc;
}
.pre {
font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 0.85em;
background-color: #f0f3ff;
padding-left: 3px;
padding-right: 3px;
border-radius: 4px;
}
pre {
font-family: "Source Code Pro", Monaco, Menlo, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;
color: #222;
font-weight: 500;
display: inline-block;
box-sizing: border-box;
min-width: 100%;
padding: 0.5em;
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
font-size: 0.85em;
white-space: pre !important;
overflow-y: hidden;
overflow-x: visible;
background-color: ghostwhite;
border: 1px solid #dde;
-webkit-border-radius: 6px;
-moz-border-radius: 6px;
border-radius: 6px; }
.pre-scrollable {
max-height: 340px;
overflow-y: scroll; }
/* Nim line-numbered tables */
.line-nums-table {
width: 100%;
table-layout: fixed; }
table.line-nums-table {
border-radius: 4px;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
background-color: ghostwhite;
border-collapse: separate;
margin-top: 15px;
margin-bottom: 25px; }
.line-nums-table tbody {
border: none; }
.line-nums-table td pre {
border: none;
background-color: transparent; }
.line-nums-table td.blob-line-nums {
width: 28px; }
.line-nums-table td.blob-line-nums pre {
color: #b0b0b0;
-webkit-filter: opacity(75%);
text-align: right;
border-color: transparent;
background-color: transparent;
padding-left: 0px;
margin-left: 0px;
padding-right: 0px;
margin-right: 0px; }
table {
max-width: 100%;
background-color: transparent;
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
border-collapse: collapse;
border-color: #ccc;
border-spacing: 0;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
table th, table td {
padding: 0px 0.5em 0px;
}
table th {
background-color: #e8e8e8;
font-weight: bold; }
table th.docinfo-name {
background-color: transparent;
}
table tr:hover {
background-color: ghostwhite; }
/* rst2html default used to remove borders from tables and images */
.borderless, table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
border: 0; }
table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
/* Override padding for "table.docutils td" with "! important".
The right padding separates the table cells. */
padding: 0 0.5em 0 0 !important; }
.first {
/* Override more specific margin styles with "! important". */
margin-top: 0 !important; }
.last, .with-subtitle {
margin-bottom: 0 !important; }
.hidden {
display: none; }
blockquote.epigraph {
margin: 2em 5em; }
dl.docutils dd {
margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
object[type="image/svg+xml"], object[type="application/x-shockwave-flash"] {
overflow: hidden; }
div.figure {
margin-left: 2em;
margin-right: 2em; }
div.footer, div.header {
clear: both;
text-align: center;
color: #666;
font-size: smaller; }
div.footer {
padding-top: 5em;
}
div.line-block {
display: block;
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em; }
div.line-block div.line-block {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
margin-left: 1.5em; }
div.topic {
margin: 2em; }
div.search_results {
background-color: antiquewhite;
margin: 3em;
padding: 1em;
border: 1px solid #4d4d4d;
}
div#global-links ul {
margin-left: 0;
list-style-type: none;
}
div#global-links > simple-boot {
margin-left: 3em;
}
hr.docutils {
width: 75%; }
img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
clear: left;
float: left;
margin-right: 1em; }
img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
clear: right;
float: right;
margin-left: 1em; }
img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
display: block;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto; }
.align-left {
text-align: left; }
.align-center {
clear: both;
text-align: center; }
.align-right {
text-align: right; }
/* reset inner alignment in figures */
div.align-right {
text-align: inherit; }
p.attribution {
text-align: right;
margin-left: 50%; }
p.caption {
font-style: italic; }
p.credits {
font-style: italic;
font-size: smaller; }
p.label {
white-space: nowrap; }
p.rubric {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: larger;
color: maroon;
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<h1 class="title">negamax</h1>
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<li><a class="reference" id="usage_toc" href="#usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" id="simple-example_toc" href="#simple-example">Simple Example</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" id="videos_toc" href="#videos">Videos</a></li>
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<a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#7" id="57">Types</a>
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<li><a class="reference" href="#NegamaxPlayer"
title="NegamaxPlayer = ref object of Player
depth*: int"><wbr />Negamax<wbr />Player<span class="attachedType"></span></a></li>
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<a class="reference reference-toplevel" href="#12" id="62">Procs</a>
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<li><a class="reference" href="#negamax%2CGame%2Cint"
title="negamax(game: var Game; depth: int): string"><wbr />negamax<span class="attachedType"></span></a></li>
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<li><a class="reference" href="#get_move.e%2CNegamaxPlayer%2CGame"
title="get_move(self: NegamaxPlayer; game: Game): string"><wbr />get_<wbr />move<span class="attachedType">NegamaxPlayer</span></a></li>
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<p class="module-desc"><p>Negamax is a nim library for executing the Negamax AI algorithm on a turn-based game. The library uses the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turn_based_game</span></tt> nimble library as the framework for the game itself.</p>
<p>The negamax algorithm searches and weighs possible future moves. It is a varation of the minimax algorithm that is optimized for games where the "value" of a game's state for one player is directly inverse of the value to the oppossing player. This is known as a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game">zero-sum game</a>.</p>
<p>This algorithm is desgined to do <em>alpha/beta pruning</em>, which shortens the search tree.</p>
<p>This algorithem is currently recursive. The author is currently working on a non-recursive one as well.</p>
<p>Negamax has the following restrictions:</p>
<ol class="simple"><li>It only works for two-player games.</li>
<li>It does not work with games that involve any randomness during game play. (Initial randomness for "board setup" etc. before game play begins is just fine.)</li>
<li>It requires that the value of the board be zero-sum in nature.</li>
</ol>
<p>Algorithm details:</p>
<ul class="simple"><li><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negamax">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negamax</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax</a></li>
</ul>
<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="usage" href="#usage">Usage</a></h1><p>The bulk of the work is in making the game itself. See the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turn_based_game</span></tt> library for details.</p>
<ul class="simple"><li>turn_based_game (repo): <<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/JohnAD/turn_based_game">https://github.com/JohnAD/turn_based_game</a>></li>
</ul>
<p>Once made, simply import the negamax library and use a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NegamaxPlayer</span></tt> instead of a normal <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Player</span></tt>. Include the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">depth</span></tt> of the search as an object parameter. The depth is measured in <strong>plies</strong>. One <strong>ply</strong> is a single play. So, one full round of play between two players is two plies.</p>
<p>The Negamax AI specifically requires that the</p>
<ul class="simple"><li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scoring</span></tt>,</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_state</span></tt>, and</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">restore_state</span></tt></li>
</ul>
<p>methods be defined. Again, see the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turn_based_game</span></tt> docs for details.</p>
<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="simple-example" href="#simple-example">Simple Example</a></h1><pre class="listing"><span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">turn_based_game</span>
<span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">negamax</span>
<span class="Keyword">import</span> <span class="Identifier">knights</span>
<span class="Comment">#</span>
<span class="Comment"># Game of Knights</span>
<span class="Comment">#</span>
<span class="Comment"># Knights is played on a 5 row by 5 column chessboard with standard Knight pieces. Just like</span>
<span class="Comment"># in chess, the Knight move by jumping in an L pattern: moving one space in any direction followed by</span>
<span class="Comment"># moving two spaces at a right angle to the first move. When a knight makes a jump, the place that it</span>
<span class="Comment"># formerly occupied is marked with an X and it can no longer be landed on by either player. As the</span>
<span class="Comment"># game progresses, there are fewer and fewer places to land. There are no captures in this game.</span>
<span class="Comment">#</span>
<span class="Comment"># To start, each player has one Knight placed in an opposite corner. The players then take turns jumping.</span>
<span class="Comment"># The last player to still have a place to move is the winner.</span>
<span class="Comment">#</span>
<span class="Keyword">var</span> <span class="Identifier">game</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">Knights</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">game</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">setup</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Operator">@</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span>
<span class="Identifier">Player</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">name</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="StringLit">"Black Knight"</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span>
<span class="Identifier">NegamaxPlayer</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Identifier">name</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="StringLit">"White Knight"</span><span class="Punctuation">,</span> <span class="Identifier">depth</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="DecNumber">7</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Punctuation">]</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Keyword">var</span> <span class="Identifier">history</span><span class="Punctuation">:</span> <span class="Identifier">seq</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Identifier">string</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Operator">@</span><span class="Punctuation">[</span><span class="Punctuation">]</span>
<span class="Identifier">history</span> <span class="Operator">=</span> <span class="Identifier">game</span><span class="Operator">.</span><span class="Identifier">play</span><span class="Punctuation">(</span><span class="Punctuation">)</span>
<span class="Identifier">echo</span> <span class="StringLit">"history: "</span> <span class="Operator">&</span> <span class="Operator">$</span><span class="Identifier">history</span></pre><p>For the content pulled by "import knights", see <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/JohnAD/negamax/blob/master/examples/knights.nim">https://github.com/JohnAD/negamax/blob/master/examples/knights.nim</a></p>
<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="videos" href="#videos">Videos</a></h1><p>The following two videos (to be watched in sequence), demonstrate how to use this library and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turn_based_game</span></tt> library:</p>
<ul class="simple"><li>Using "turn_based_game": <a class="reference external" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6w8vT-oBjE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6w8vT-oBjE</a></li>
<li>Using "negamax": <a class="reference external" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=op4Mcgszshk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=op4Mcgszshk</a></li>
</ul>
<h1><a class="toc-backref" id="credit" href="#credit">Credit</a></h1><p>The code for this engine mimics that written in Python at the EasyAI library located at <<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/Zulko/easyAI>">https://github.com/Zulko/easyAI></a>. That library contains both the game rule engine (called TwoPlayerGame) as well as a variety of AI algorithms to play as game players, such as Negamax.</p>
</p>
<div class="section" id="7">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#7">Types</a></h1>
<dl class="item">
<a id="NegamaxPlayer"></a>
<dt><pre><a href="negamax.html#NegamaxPlayer"><span class="Identifier">NegamaxPlayer</span></a> <span class="Other">=</span> <span class="Keyword">ref</span> <span class="Keyword">object</span> <span class="Keyword">of</span> <span class="Identifier">Player</span>
<span class="Identifier">depth</span><span class="Operator">*</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span>
</pre></dt>
<dd>
this is the AI player to be used with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turn_based_game</span></tt> library
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="section" id="12">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#12">Procs</a></h1>
<dl class="item">
<a id="negamax,Game,int"></a>
<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">proc</span> <a href="#negamax%2CGame%2Cint"><span class="Identifier">negamax</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">game</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Keyword">var</span> <span class="Identifier">Game</span><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">depth</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">int</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span>
<span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
<dd>
<p>This is the main negamax algorithm.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">depth</span></tt> determines the number of <em>plies</em> for the algorithm to look ahead.</p>
<p>returns a string <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">move</span></tt> from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">game</span></tt>'s list of available possible moves. If there are not moves possible, it will return an empty string.</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="section" id="14">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#14">Methods</a></h1>
<dl class="item">
<a id="get_move.e,NegamaxPlayer,Game"></a>
<dt><pre><span class="Keyword">method</span> <a href="#get_move.e%2CNegamaxPlayer%2CGame"><span class="Identifier">get_move</span></a><span class="Other">(</span><span class="Identifier">self</span><span class="Other">:</span> <a href="negamax.html#NegamaxPlayer"><span class="Identifier">NegamaxPlayer</span></a><span class="Other">;</span> <span class="Identifier">game</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">Game</span><span class="Other">)</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Identifier">string</span> <span><span class="Other">{</span><span class="Other pragmadots">...</span><span class="Other">}</span></span><span class="pragmawrap"><span class="Other">{.</span><span class="pragma"><span class="Identifier">raises</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">Exception</span><span class="Other">]</span><span class="Other">,</span>
<span class="Identifier">tags</span><span class="Other">:</span> <span class="Other">[</span><span class="Identifier">RootEffect</span><span class="Other">]</span></span><span class="Other">.}</span></span></pre></dt>
<dd>
Get the chosen move from the algorithm in the context of a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turn_based_game</span></tt> library <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Game</span></tt>.
</dd>
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