diff --git a/tutor.txt b/tutor.txt index ac02e52..5552164 100644 --- a/tutor.txt +++ b/tutor.txt @@ -1,3 +1,596 @@ -// replace the content of this file -// your completed vimtutor files goes here -// only first 4 chapters are checked \ No newline at end of file +=============================================================================== += W e l c o m e t o t h e V I M T u t o r - Version 1.7 = +=============================================================================== + + Vim is a very powerful editor that has many commands, too many to + explain in a tutor such as this. This tutor is designed to describe + enough of the commands that you will be able to easily use Vim as + an all-purpose editor. + + The approximate time required to complete the tutor is 25-30 minutes, + depending upon how much time is spent with experimentation. + + ATTENTION: + The commands in the lessons will modify the text. Make a copy of this + file to practice on (if you started "vimtutor" this is already a copy). + + It is important to remember that this tutor is set up to teach by + use. That means that you need to execute the commands to learn them + properly. If you only read the text, you will forget the commands! + + Now, make sure that your Caps-Lock key is NOT depressed and press + the j key enough times to move the cursor so that lesson 1.1 + completely fills the screen. +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.1: MOVING THE CURSOR + + + ** To move the cursor, press the h,j,k,l keys as indicated. ** + ^ + k Hint: The h key is at the left and moves left. + < h l > The l key is at the right and moves right. + j The j key looks like a down arrow. + v + 1. Move the cursor around the screen until you are comfortable. + + 2. Hold down the down key (j) until it repeats. + Now you know how to move to the next lesson. + + 3. Using the down key, move to lesson 1.2. + +NOTE: If you are ever unsure about something you typed, press to place + you in Normal mode. Then retype the command you wanted. + +NOTE: The cursor keys should also work. But using hjkl you will be able to + move around much faster, once you get used to it. Really! + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.2: EXITING VIM + + + !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! + + 1. Press the key (to make sure you are in Normal mode). + + 2. Type: :q! . + This exits the editor, DISCARDING any changes you have made. + + 3. Get back here by executing the command that got you into this tutor. That + might be: vimtutor + + 4. If you have these steps memorized and are confident, execute steps + 1 through 3 to exit and re-enter the editor. + +NOTE: :q! discards any changes you made. In a few lessons you + will learn how to save the changes to a file. + + 5. Move the cursor down to lesson 1.3. + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.3: TEXT EDITING - DELETION + + + ** Press x to delete the character under the cursor. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. + + 2. To fix the errors, move the cursor until it is on top of the + character to be deleted. + + 3. Press the x key to delete the unwanted character. + + 4. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until the sentence is correct. + +---> The ccow jumpedd ovverr thhe mooon. + + 5. Now that the line is correct, go on to lesson 1.4. + +NOTE: As you go through this tutor, do not try to memorize, learn by usage. + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.4: TEXT EDITING - INSERTION + + + ** Press i to insert text. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + + 2. To make the first line the same as the second, move the cursor on top + of the character BEFORE which the text is to be inserted. + + 3. Press i and type in the necessary additions. + + 4. As each error is fixed press to return to Normal mode. + Repeat steps 2 through 4 to correct the sentence. + +---> There is text misng this . +---> There is some text missing from this line. + + 5. When you are comfortable inserting text move to lesson 1.5. + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.5: TEXT EDITING - APPENDING + + + ** Press A to append text. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + It does not matter on what character the cursor is in that line. + + 2. Press A and type in the necessary additions. + + 3. As the text has been appended press to return to Normal mode. + + 4. Move the cursor to the second line marked ---> and repeat + steps 2 and 3 to correct this sentence. + +---> There is some text missing from th + There is some text missing from this line. +---> There is also some text miss + There is also some text missing here. + + 5. When you are comfortable appending text move to lesson 1.6. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1.6: EDITING A FILE + + ** Use :wq to save a file and exit. ** + + !! NOTE: Before executing any of the steps below, read this entire lesson!! + + 1. Exit this tutor as you did in lesson 1.2: :q! + Or, if you have access to another terminal, do the following there. + + 2. At the shell prompt type this command: vim tutor + 'vim' is the command to start the Vim editor, 'tutor' is the name of the + file you wish to edit. Use a file that may be changed. + + 3. Insert and delete text as you learned in the previous lessons. + + 4. Save the file with changes and exit Vim with: :wq + + 5. If you have quit vimtutor in step 1 restart the vimtutor and move down to + the following summary. + + 6. After reading the above steps and understanding them: do it. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 1 SUMMARY + + + 1. The cursor is moved using either the arrow keys or the hjkl keys. + h (left) j (down) k (up) l (right) + + 2. To start Vim from the shell prompt type: vim FILENAME + + 3. To exit Vim type: :q! to trash all changes. + OR type: :wq to save the changes. + + 4. To delete the character at the cursor type: x + + 5. To insert or append text type: + i type inserted text insert before the cursor + A type appended text append after the line + +NOTE: Pressing will place you in Normal mode or will cancel + an unwanted and partially completed command. + +Now continue with lesson 2. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.1: DELETION COMMANDS + + + ** Type dw to delete a word. ** + + 1. Press to make sure you are in Normal mode. + + 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. + + 3. Move the cursor to the beginning of a word that needs to be deleted. + + 4. Type dw to make the word disappear. + + NOTE: The letter d will appear on the last line of the screen as you type + it. Vim is waiting for you to type w . If you see another character + than d you typed something wrong; press and start over. + +---> There are a some words that don't belong this sentence. + + 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the sentence is correct and go to lesson 2.2. + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.2: MORE DELETION COMMANDS + + + ** Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. ** + + 1. Press to make sure you are in Normal mode. + + 2. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. + + 3. Move the cursor to the end of the correct line (AFTER the first . ). + + 4. Type d$ to delete to the end of the line. + +---> Somebody typed the end of this line twice. + + + 5. Move on to lesson 2.3 to understand what is happening. + + + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.3: ON OPERATORS AND MOTIONS + + + Many commands that change text are made from an operator and a motion. + The format for a delete command with the d delete operator is as follows: + + d motion + + Where: + d - is the delete operator. + motion - is what the operator will operate on (listed below). + + A short list of motions: + w - until the start of the next word, EXCLUDING its first character. + e - to the end of the current word, INCLUDING the last character. + $ - to the end of the line, INCLUDING the last character. + + Thus typing de will delete from the cursor to the end of the word. + +NOTE: Pressing just the motion while in Normal mode without an operator will + move the cursor as specified. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.4: USING A COUNT FOR A MOTION + + + ** Typing a number before a motion repeats it that many times. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line below marked --->. + + 2. Type 2w to move the cursor two words forward. + + 3. Type 3e to move the cursor to the end of the third word forward. + + 4. Type 0 (zero) to move to the start of the line. + + 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with different numbers. + +---> This is just a line with words you can move around in. + + 6. Move on to lesson 2.5. + + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.5: USING A COUNT TO DELETE MORE + + + ** Typing a number with an operator repeats it that many times. ** + + In the combination of the delete operator and a motion mentioned above you + insert a count before the motion to delete more: + d number motion + + 1. Move the cursor to the first UPPER CASE word in the line marked --->. + + 2. Type d2w to delete the two UPPER CASE words. + + 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a different count to delete the consecutive + UPPER CASE words with one command. + +---> this line of words is cleaned up. + + + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.6: OPERATING ON LINES + + + ** Type dd to delete a whole line. ** + + Due to the frequency of whole line deletion, the designers of Vi decided + it would be easier to simply type two d's to delete a line. + + 1. Move the cursor to the second line in the phrase below. + 2. Type dd to delete the line. + 3. Now move to the fourth line. + 4. Type 2dd to delete two lines. + +---> 1) Roses are red, +---> 3) Violets are blue, +---> 6) Sugar is sweet +---> 7) And so are you. + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2.7: THE UNDO COMMAND + + + ** Press u to undo the last commands, U to fix a whole line. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked ---> and place it on the + first error. + 2. Type x to delete the first unwanted character. + 3. Now type u to undo the last command executed. + 4. This time fix all the errors on the line using the x command. + 5. Now type a capital U to return the line to its original state. + 6. Now type u a few times to undo the U and preceding commands. + 7. Now type CTRL-R (keeping CTRL key pressed while hitting R) a few times + to redo the commands (undo the undo's). + +---> Fix the erors on this line and replace them with undo. + + 8. These are very useful commands. Now move on to the lesson 2 Summary. + + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 2 SUMMARY + + + 1. To delete from the cursor up to the next word type: dw + 2. To delete from the cursor to the end of a line type: d$ + 3. To delete a whole line type: dd + + 4. To repeat a motion prepend it with a number: 2w + 5. The format for a change command is: + operator [number] motion + where: + operator - is what to do, such as d for delete + [number] - is an optional count to repeat the motion + motion - moves over the text to operate on, such as w (word), + $ (to the end of line), etc. + + 6. To move to the start of the line use a zero: 0 + + 7. To undo previous actions, type: u (lowercase u) + To undo all the changes on a line, type: U (capital U) + To undo the undo's, type: CTRL-R + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 3.1: THE PUT COMMAND + + + ** Type p to put previously deleted text after the cursor. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + + 2. Type dd to delete the line and store it in a Vim register. + + 3. Move the cursor to the c) line, ABOVE where the deleted line should go. + + 4. Type p to put the line below the cursor. + + 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to put all the lines in correct order. + +---> a) Roses are red, +---> b) Violets are blue, +---> c) Intelligence is learned, +---> d) Can you learn too? + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 3.2: THE REPLACE COMMAND + + + ** Type rx to replace the character at the cursor with x . ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + + 2. Move the cursor so that it is on top of the first error. + + 3. Type r and then the character which should be there. + + 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the first line is equal to the second one. + +---> When this line was typed in, someone pressed some wrong keys! +---> When this line was typed in, someone pressed some wrong keys! + + 5. Now move on to lesson 3.3. + +NOTE: Remember that you should be learning by doing, not memorization. + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 3.3: THE CHANGE OPERATOR + + + ** To change until the end of a word, type ce . ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + + 2. Place the cursor on the u in lubw. + + 3. Type ce and the correct word (in this case, type ine ). + + 4. Press and move to the next character that needs to be changed. + + 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the first sentence is the same as the second. + +---> This line has a few words that need changing using the change operator. +---> This line has a few words that need changing using the change operator. + +Notice that ce deletes the word and places you in Insert mode. + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 3.4: MORE CHANGES USING c + + + ** The change operator is used with the same motions as delete. ** + + 1. The change operator works in the same way as delete. The format is: + + c [number] motion + + 2. The motions are the same, such as w (word) and $ (end of line). + + 3. Move the cursor to the first line below marked --->. + + 4. Move the cursor to the first error. + + 5. Type c$ and type the rest of the line like the second and press . + +---> The end of this line needs to be corrected using the c$ command. +---> The end of this line needs to be corrected using the c$ command. + +NOTE: You can use the Backspace key to correct mistakes while typing. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 3 SUMMARY + + + 1. To put back text that has just been deleted, type p . This puts the + deleted text AFTER the cursor (if a line was deleted it will go on the + line below the cursor). + + 2. To replace the character under the cursor, type r and then the + character you want to have there. + + 3. The change operator allows you to change from the cursor to where the + motion takes you. eg. Type ce to change from the cursor to the end of + the word, c$ to change to the end of a line. + + 4. The format for change is: + + c [number] motion + +Now go on to the next lesson. + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 4.1: CURSOR LOCATION AND FILE STATUS + + ** Type CTRL-G to show your location in the file and the file status. + Type G to move to a line in the file. ** + + NOTE: Read this entire lesson before executing any of the steps!! + + 1. Hold down the Ctrl key and press g . We call this CTRL-G. + A message will appear at the bottom of the page with the filename and the + position in the file. Remember the line number for Step 3. + +NOTE: You may see the cursor position in the lower right corner of the screen + This happens when the 'ruler' option is set (see :help 'ruler' ) + + 2. Press G to move you to the bottom of the file. + Type gg to move you to the start of the file. + + 3. Type the number of the line you were on and then G . This will + return you to the line you were on when you first pressed CTRL-G. + + 4. If you feel confident to do this, execute steps 1 through 3. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 4.2: THE SEARCH COMMAND + + + ** Type / followed by a phrase to search for the phrase. ** + + 1. In Normal mode type the / character. Notice that it and the cursor + appear at the bottom of the screen as with the : command. + + 2. Now type 'errroor' . This is the word you want to search for. + + 3. To search for the same phrase again, simply type n . + To search for the same phrase in the opposite direction, type N . + + 4. To search for a phrase in the backward direction, use ? instead of / . + + 5. To go back to where you came from press CTRL-O (Keep Ctrl down while + pressing the letter o). Repeat to go back further. CTRL-I goes forward. + +---> "errroor" is not the way to spell error; errroor is an error. +NOTE: When the search reaches the end of the file it will continue at the + start, unless the 'wrapscan' option has been reset. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 4.3: MATCHING PARENTHESES SEARCH + + + ** Type % to find a matching ),], or } . ** + + 1. Place the cursor on any (, [, or { in the line below marked --->. + + 2. Now type the % character. + + 3. The cursor will move to the matching parenthesis or bracket. + + 4. Type % to move the cursor to the other matching bracket. + + 5. Move the cursor to another (,),[,],{ or } and see what % does. + +---> This ( is a test line with ('s, ['s ] and {'s } in it. )) + + +NOTE: This is very useful in debugging a program with unmatched parentheses! + + + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 4.4: THE SUBSTITUTE COMMAND + + + ** Type :s/old/new/g to substitute 'new' for 'old'. ** + + 1. Move the cursor to the line below marked --->. + + 2. Type :s/thee/the . Note that this command only changes the + first occurrence of "thee" in the line. + + 3. Now type :s/thee/the/g . Adding the g flag means to substitute + globally in the line, change all occurrences of "thee" in the line. + +---> the best time to see the flowers is in the spring. + + 4. To change every occurrence of a character string between two lines, + type :#,#s/old/new/g where #,# are the line numbers of the range + of lines where the substitution is to be done. + Type :%s/old/new/g to change every occurrence in the whole file. + Type :%s/old/new/gc to find every occurrence in the whole file, + with a prompt whether to substitute or not. + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Lesson 4 SUMMARY + + + 1. CTRL-G displays your location in the file and the file status. + G moves to the end of the file. + number G moves to that line number. + gg moves to the first line. + + 2. Typing / followed by a phrase searches FORWARD for the phrase. + Typing ? followed by a phrase searches BACKWARD for the phrase. + After a search type n to find the next occurrence in the same direction + or N to search in the opposite direction. + CTRL-O takes you back to older positions, CTRL-I to newer positions. + + 3. Typing % while the cursor is on a (,),[,],{, or } goes to its match. + + 4. To substitute new for the first old in a line type :s/old/new + To substitute new for all 'old's on a line type :s/old/new/g + To substitute phrases between two line #'s type :#,#s/old/new/g + To substitute all occurrences in the file type :%s/old/new/g + To ask for confirmation each time add 'c' :%s/old/new/gc + +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~